DNA
What sugar is found in DNA?
Deoxyribose
What sugar is found in RNA?
Ribose
Where does transcription occur?
In the nucleus, because that is where DNA is located.
Where does mRNA travel to in order to begin translation?
Ribosomes
What is a mutation?
Changes in genetic information.
Where is DNA located/trapped within the cell?
Nucleus
What is the role of rRNA?
Ribosomes are made out of rRNA. It is where mRNA and tRNA will match.
What do we call a set of three nucleotides created by transcription?
A codon.
How does one read a codon wheel? Provide detailed steps.
You read from the center outwards, ring by ring. Three letters, a codon, will lead you to a matching amino acid.
What is a chromosomal mutation?
Changes the order of entire genes.
Why do we need to replicate DNA?
So that when we create more cells, each resulting cell each has a full set of DNA and can function properly.
What is the role of tRNA?
Pairs with mRNA and gives amino acids to rRNA in order to create a protein.
What is the purpose of transcription?
To create a single stranded mRNA molecule rather than a double stranded DNA molecule.
What is an anticodon?
Provide the anticodons for this sequence of mRNA:
UUA GCU UAG
Three nucleotides on tRNA that complement the codon's amino acids.
AAU CGA AUC
Define gene expression, and provide an example if possible.
Gene expression is controlling which genes in the DNA are allowed to be activated or deactivated.
Ex - Despite containing the genes placing one at risk for a particular illness, one may never have any issue with said illness.
How does DNA make proteins?
The order of nucleotides in DNA has information on how to make amino acids.
Why is RNA needed?
RNA is small enough to be able to carry information about making proteins out of the nucleus.
Transcribe the following sequence of DNA:
ATT GAC TAG GAT GCT GCG CAT CAG
UAA CUG AUC CUA CGA CGC GUA GUC
Translate the following sequence of mRNA into amino acids:
UAC AUG GUC AUC GCC GAU
What is an inversion mutation?
A chromosomal mutation where part of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches backwards.
What are Hox genes?
Tells the cells of the body how to differentiate as the body grows (such as location of organs).
Name 4 differences between DNA and RNA.
1) RNA contains Ribose.
2) RNA uses the nitrogen base Uracil instead of Thymine.
3) RNA is single stranded.
4) RNA is small enough to leave the nucleus.
What are the main steps of transcription? (about 5 steps)
1) Hydrogen bonds in DNA break.
2) DNA is used as a template to make mRNA.
3) RNA nucleotides base pair to the DNA nucleotides.
4) A pairs with U and C pairs with G. T replaced by U.
5) Finished mRNA detaches and leaves the nucleus. DNA zips back up.
What are the main steps of translation? (about 4 steps)
1) mRNA goes to the ribosome.
2) mRNA pairs with tRNA.
3) tRNA carries in amino acids.
4) Amino acids join together to form a protein.
What is a frameshift mutation? What can likely happen as a result of a frameshift mutation?
The insertion or deletion of 1 nucleotide in a DNA sequence. Can shift the reading frame of the genetic information and change every amino acid that follows the point of mutation thus altering the protein.