Protein Synthesis
Stem Cells
Specialization
Mutations
Application!
100
The first step in protein synthesis
What is transcription?
100
The first stem cell. A fertilized egg.
What is a zygote?
100
These work by turning genes on or off within a cell.
What are chemical signals?
100
3 types of mutations.
What are substitution, insertion and deletion?
100
Describe the genotypic and phenotypic make up of a skin cell and a bone cell from the same person.
The genotype of the 2 cells is the same (same DNA), but the phenotype is different (they are making different proteins and have a different structure)
200
This process occurs in the cytoplasm and creates a polypeptide.
What is translation?
200
The most versatile of all the stem cells. These cells can become any kind of cell.
What are embryonic stem cells?
200
Bone cells and pancreas cells are similar in that they both...
Contain the same DNA
200
Possible effects of a mutation.
Helpful
Harmful
Neutral
200
Describe the genotypic and phenotypic make up of a skin cell from 2 different people.
The genotype would be slightly different (different people have unique DNA), and the phenotype would be slightly different (amount of melanin produced may be different)
300
The DNA sequence used to create this mRNA:
AUG CAC UUA
What is TAC GTG AAT?
300
These cells contain all the DNA/genes/chromosomes for the organism.
What are ALL cells of the body (except sperm/egg)
(Also accept the answer somatic cells and stem cells.)
300
Cells that perform a specific function by making certain proteins are known as these kinds of cells.
What are specialized cells?
300
An insertion mutation would cause this to happen to a protein.
Change the amino acid sequence, thus change the structure, thus change the function.
300
A person who inherits one copy of the non-functional CFTR gene would be...
A carrier for Cystic Fibrosis but not afflicted with the disease.
400
The letters N, R, Q and P represent these structures.
N= mRNA
R= ribosome
Q= tRNA (anticodon is also accepted)
P= amino acid
400
The role of stem cells in our body.
What is to produce new specialized cells as cells die or are damaged?
400
True or false:
Skin cells would make some of the same proteins as stomach cells.
True
400
This type of mutation is the least likely to cause a change in the amino acid sequence of a protein.
What is a substitution?
400
Cloning yourself from one of your skin cells would work because...
Your skin cell still contains all the DNA necessary for life (has all the genes/chromosomes)
500
The amino acid attached to this tRNA molecule: UAC
What is methionine?
500
Deactivating cell specific genes within a specialized cell would create this kind of cell.
What is a stem cell?
500
When comparing a red blood cell from one person to a red blood of someone else, it was found that they both make the protein hemoglobin. What would be true about the gene for hemoglobin in these 2 individuals?
The gene would be identical.
500
An individual's genotype that inherited one mutated gene and one functional gene from their parents.
What is heterozygous?
500
Name one way that you could engineer a cell to have it stop making a harmful protein.
1) Turn off that gene
2) Block the signal that activates that gene
3) Block the promotor region of that gene
4) Engineer an enzyme to break down the mRNA from the gene in the cytoplasm.
5) Engineer an enzyme to break down the polypeptide before it can fold and become functional
6) Edit the gene to fix the mutation so that the right protein would be made