Protein Synthesis 1
Stem Cells
Differentiation
Mutations
Protein Synthesis 2
100
The first step in protein synthesis
What is transcription?
100
The first cell - it is considered an embryonic stem cell. A fertilized egg.
What is a zygote?
100
These work by turning genes on or off within a cell.
What are chemical signals?
100
3 types of mutations.
What are substitution, insertion and deletion?
100
DNA is first transcribed into this before a protein is produced.
What is RNA? or mRNA
200
This process occurs at ribosomes and results in a chain of amino acids.
What is translation?
200
The most versatile of all the stem cells. These cells can become any kind of cell.
What are embryonic stem cells?
200
Bone cells and pancreas cells found within the same person are similar in that they both...
Contain the same set of DNA (46 chromosomes)
200
True or False: All mutations are harmful
False
200
This molecule carries amino acids to the ribosome and binds to mRNA during translation.
What is tRNA?
300
The DNA sequence used to create this mRNA:
AUG CAC UUA
What is TAC GTG AAT?
300
Adult stems cells are called this because they can differentiate into a variety of cells but not ANY cell.
What is multipotent?
300
Cells that perform a specific function by making certain proteins are known as these kinds of cells.
What are specialized cells?
300
a change in DNA sequence from CAT to CCT would do what in terms of the amino acid?
Change the amino acid from valine to glycine
300
Every three nucleotides on mRNA is called this
What is a codon?
400
The letters N, R, Q and P represent these structures.
N= mRNA
R= ribosome
Q= tRNA (anticodon is also accepted)
P= amino acid
400
The role of stem cells in our body.
What is to produce new specialized cells as cells die or are damaged?
400
True or false:
Skin cells would make some of the same proteins as stomach cells.
True
400
This type of mutation is the least likely to cause a change in the amino acid sequence of a protein.
What is a substitution?
400
Name two differences between DNA and RNA
Double stranded vs. single stranded
Thymine vs. Uracil
Deoxyribose Sugar vs. Ribose Sugar
500
The amino acid attached to this tRNA molecule: UAC
What is methionine?
500
Deactivating cell-specific genes within a specialized cell would create this kind of cell.
What is a stem cell?
500
An early embryo contains three cell layers. What are these called and what type of cells will each give rise to in the developing human?
Endoderm - give rise to digestive cells (stomach, pancreas)
Mesoderm - give rise to muscle and blood cells
Ectoderm - give rise to nerve, skin, hair cells
500
Mutations can lead to different forms of the same gene within a population. For example, everyone inherits genes that code for eye color, but there are different forms of this gene that exist.
In genetics, what are different forms of the same gene called?
What are alleles?
500
Name one way that you could genetically engineer a cell to have it stop making a harmful protein.
1) Turn off that gene
2) Block the signal that activates that gene
3) Block the promotor region of that gene
4) Engineer an enzyme to break down the mRNA from the gene in the cytoplasm.
5) Engineer an enzyme to break down the polypeptide before it can fold and become functional
6) Edit the gene to fix the mutation so that the right protein would be made