Proteins
What are the 3 parts of an Amino Acid?
Amino group, R group, Carboxyl group
What are the two structural differences between DNA and RNA?
The ribose sugar and thymine vs uracil
What direction is mRNA synthesized?
5'-->3'
How do we read genetic code?
In groups of 3 or by condon
What is the central dogma?
DNA-->RNA-->Polypeptide
What kind of bond joins amino acids and where does that bond form?
A peptide bond forms between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another.
What are the three parts that make up a nucleotide?
Phosphate group, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous base.
What signals the beginning of the DNA sequence being transcribed?
The promoter
Where does translation take place?
Ribosome/ cytosol
What does antiparallel mean in terms of nucleic acids?
double helix strands going from
5'-->3'
3'-->5'
Finish the phrase
Protein shape=
Protein function
What is the bond that holds together nucleotides and where is it formed?
A phosphodiester bond is formed between the phosphate of one nucleotide (5'C) and the 3'C of another sugar.
What are the two proteins associated with transcription?
Sigma factor and RNA polymerase
How does tRNA work?
tRAN brings over an amino acid on its 3' end and bonds to mRNA using an anticodon and codon
What are the nitrogenous bases that pair up and are they purines or pyrimidines?
A-T/U
C-G
A and G are purines and T,U,and C are pyrimidines
What are the 4 structures of Proteins and explain them?
Primary- a chain of amino acids with a C and N terminus
Secondary- A helix and B pleated sheets
Tertiary- secondary structures bonded by R groups
Quaternary- Multiple polypeptides in tertiary form
What are the levels of complexity for DNA?
Nucleotide, single strand, double helix, chromosome, and Genome
What happens to mRNA after it is transcribed in eukaryotic cells and what are the 3 steps?
It goes through RNA modification. splicing, capping, and
redundant- codons can code for the same AA
unambiguous- each codon codes for 1 AA
conservative- first 2 bases are usually the same nonoverlapping- read one codon than another
If an R group Positively charged and contains oxygen what is it classified as?
Polar Basic
How is every structure of protein stabilized?
1.peptide bonds
2. hydrogen bonds
3 and 4. Hydrogen, ionic, disulfide bridges, hydrophobic effect, vanderwaals forces
What are the 3 types of RNA and what are the 3 structures of RNA?
mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
Primary- single nucleotide, Secondary- 2-D structure hairpin, Tertiary- 3-D structure hairpins folded.
Explain the whole process of transcription.
Sigma attaches to the promoter, RNA polymerase connects to sigma, polymerase opened DNA helix and transcription begins, sigma is released, Nucleotides are added together, terminator is reached, everything disassociates
Translate this strand of mRNA.
AUA-AGG-UUA-CGA-AUG-GGU-CAU-UGU-GAA-UUU
Ribosomal attachment site, Met, Gly, His, Cys, Glu,Phe
What are the purposes of capping and tailing?
Capping binds to the 5' end to help with ribosomal attachment and to prevent degradation. Tailing helps with export and stabilization.