Motor Neurons
These neurons are located in the brain and brainstem and initiate voluntary movement.
What are upper motor neurons?
This cortical layer is the primary output layer of the motor cortex.
What is layer 5?
This tract carries upper motor neuron signals to the brainstem.
What is the corticobulbar tract?
The cerebellum receives input from ___ areas of cortex.
what is all?
This neurotransmitter is decreased in Parkinson’s disease.
What is dopamine?
Upper motor neurons in the cortex primarily control this type of movement.
What is skilled/voluntary movement?
These large pyramidal neurons project to the brainstem and spinal cord.
What are Betz cells?
This tract carries signals to the spinal cord.
What is the corticospinal tract?
The cerebellum compares these two things to correct movement.
What are planned movement vs. actual movement?
This reflex is monosynaptic and involves muscle spindles.
What is the stretch reflex?
Upper motor neurons in the brainstem mainly control these functions.
What are posture, balance, and locomotion?
The motor cortex lacks this layer compared to sensory cortex.
What is layer 4 (granular layer)?
Lower motor neurons in the medial ventral horn control these muscles.
What are axial and proximal muscles?
The cerebellum is essential for this type of movement.
What is smooth or coordinated movement?
Golgi tendon organs detect this.
What is muscle tension?
These receive input from upper motor neurons and directly innervate muscles.
What are lower motor neurons?
The motor cortex represents movements in this way rather than individual muscles.
What are action goals?
Descending inputs from the brainstem travel through this region of the spinal cord.
What is anterior-medial white matter?
Damage to the left cerebellum causes deficits on this side of the body.
What is the left (ipsilateral side)?
Disinhibition leads to this outcome.
What is excitation/ depolarization?
Damage to upper motor neurons can result in this reflex-related symptom.
What are hyperactive deep reflexes?
Compared to the somatosensory cortex, the motor cortex map is described as this.
What is coarse (less precise)?
These pathways terminate bilaterally in the spinal cord.
What are medial descending pathways?
This type of fibers modify Purkinje cell connections during error correction.
What are climbing fibers?
Central pattern generators control this type of movement.
What is rhythmic movement?