Chapter One
Believing that humans are composed of two distinct parts, mind and body, agrees with the ideas about human behavior proposed by ?
René Descartes
What is a reversal design sometimes also called?
ABA and/or ABAB design
A dog responding to an invitation to play by crouching the front of its body is an example of ??
a fixed action pattern
In classical conditioning, acquisition refers to the process of developing and strengthening a conditioned response through repeated pairings of an NS with a(n) ??
US
In drug research, this is an inert substance that appears to be a drug but in reality has no pharmacological value.
placebo
Individuals who strongly support the “nurture” side of the nature versus nurture conversation are similar to what other group of individuals?
British empiricists
A process that decreases the effectiveness of some stimulus to function as a reinforcer or punisher is ??
abolishing operation
In trying to associate a tone with an electric shock, we present the tone at exactly the same time as the shock. This type of procedure is called _____ conditioning.
simultaneous
A stimulus that signals whether a CS is likely to be followed by a US is known as a(n) ??
occasion setter
This term refers to the strengthening of a conditioned fear response as a result of brief exposures to an aversive CS.
incubation
When Emily saw a lush green forest, it reminded her of the desert that she had visited last year. This example illustrates which of Aristotle’s laws?
contrast
In an experiment concerning the effect of food deprivation on physical activity level, food deprivation is the _____ variable.
independent
According to the opponent-process theory, the b-process is ____ to increase and ____ to decrease.
slow; slow
This is the tendency for a response to be elicited more by one stimulus than another.
discrimination
If we have an innate tendency to acquire conditioned fears through the observation of fearful reactions in others, then the look of fear in others must be functioning as a(n) _____ stimulus.
unconditioned
Who referred to a mental representation of one’s spatial surroundings as a cognitive map?
Tolman
At the end of every 30-minute period, Anya records whether her baby had cried at least once during that 30-minute period. What method is she using to assess the baby’s tendency to cry?
interval recording
During his study of the digestive process, Pavlov noted that the _____ of saliva could vary depending on the type of substance placed in a dog’s mouth.
quantity and quality
You order your favorite sashimi dish every Friday but this time you become very ill with food poisoning. You are sick for a few days, but by the next Friday you are ready to eat sashimi again. The lack of conditioning effect on the sashimi may describe ___________.
latent inhibition
This theory posits that we can only learn so much about a particular US, and the amount of conditioning that is available is distributed among the various CSs that are present.
Rescorla‒Wagner
According to Skinner, the principle of operant conditioning is quite similar to the principle of ?
natural selection
Any behavior that has the potential for being directly observed by another individual is called?
overt
A very faint vibration (as in a moving car) is likely to result in _____, while an extremely strong vibration (as in an earthquake) is likely to result in _____.
habituation; sensitization
Consider the following sequence of events:
(1) A: B —> C
(2) A —> C
(3) [A + D]: B —> C
(4) A —> C; (5) D —> no C.
This is most similar to the phenomenon of ??
blocking
Marian has an alcohol dependency and approaches a therapist for treatment. During his therapy sessions, Marian is asked to drink alcohol while he is administered a drug that causes nausea. Which of the following treatment procedures does this scenario illustrate?
Aversion therapy