Chapters 1&2
define exothermic and endothermic reactions
exothermic = release energy, break bonds
endothermic = require energy, form bonds
what are the 3 subatomic particles that make up an atom, what charge do they have, and where are they?
Proton = positive, nucleus
neutron = neutral, nucleus
electron = negative, electron cloud
What is the Octet rule, how do atoms become stable, and what are the 3 types of bonds?
Partially-filled electron shells are unstable, so all atoms ‘want’ to fill their electron shells completely. Since most shells can hold eight electrons, this phenomenon is known as the Octet Rule.
by bonding with other atoms.
ionic, covalent, and metallic
define half-life and when is the strong force able to hold the nucleus together?
half-life = The rate at which an isotope decays is its half-life. The length of time needed for half of the atoms in a sample to decay.
when there is a proper ratio of protons and neutrons
What pH indicates Acidic, Basic, and Neutral?
1 = acidic
7 = neutral
14 = basic
What are the 4 states of matter and what type of shape and volume do they each have?
solid = definite both
liquid = definite volume, indefinite shape
gas = indefinite both
plasma indefinite both
Name the 9 periodic table group names
Alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, boron group, carbon group, nitrogen group, oxygen group, halogen group, noble gases
How many atoms of each element are in each compound:
H2O
NH3
H2SO4
Al(OH)2
H-2 O-1
H-1 H-3
H-2 S-1 O-4
Al-1 O-2 H-2
What are the 2 types of nuclear reactions, then define them and give examples
fission = take apart or splitting, atomic bomb, nuclear power plants, chain reactions
fusion = put together or melting, core of the sun, hard to replicate
A substance that produces hydroxide ions in solution is a(n)
base
define a theory and a law
theory = explains why or how something occurs
law = describes what happens under specific conditions
The __________ are the horizontal rows on the periodic table while the ________ are the vertical columns.
And what do they tell you?
periods tell you the energy levels or electron shells
groups tell you the number of valence electrons
Describe the 3 types of bonds
ionic = transfer electrons, Dif electronegativities
covalent = sharing electrons, similar electronegtivities
metallic = metals, similar electronegativities
What are the 3 types of Radioactive decay and describe them
Alpha = positive, massive
beta = negative
gamma = a ray, emits energy, no size or charge
A substance that accepts protons is a(n)
base
what process allows other scientists to review and assess research prior to publication?
peer review
What disagreement did Democritus and Aristotle have and who was right?
Aristotle believed atoms could be divided indefinitely while Democritus believed atoms were indivisible. Democritus was right!
a precipitate, bubbles (gas), change in color, a change in temperature
Define a solute, solvent, and solution and provide examples of each.
what are the 2 types of mixtures and define them and give examples
solute = what is being dissolved
solvent = what is dissolving
solution = the solute plus the solvent
homogenous = uniform throughout
heterogenous = non-uniform throughout
List 3 Basic reactions
Slippery, Color change, Conductivity, and Bitter taste
Provide 3 examples of chemical changes
cooking eggs, rusted iron, photosynthesis
List the Chronological order of the atomic models
Solid sphere Dalton, plum-pudding Thomson, nuclear Rutherford, planetary Bohr, quantum Schrodinger
List the 4 types of chemical reactions and give an example of what they look like
synthesis = A+B-->AB
decomposition = AB --> A+B
single-replacement = AB+C--> AC+B
double-replacement = AB+CD-->AC+BD
compare/contrast/define a solution, suspension, and a colloid
solution - homogeneous, unsaturated, supersaturated, and saturated
suspension - heterogenous, settles over time
colloid - scatters light, Tyndall effect, homogenous
List 3 Acidic reactions
Etching, Color change, Conductivity, and Sour taste