Prenatal & Infant Development
What do we call toxins that harm prenatal development (alcohol, drugs, bacterial/viral)
Teratogens
What is the deepest level of processing?
Elaborative processing (going beyond meaning by connecting the information to a personal or emotional experience)
Which mock "mother" did the monkeys in Harry Harlow's experiments prefer?
Soft mother (made of cloth, did not provide food)
What age range did Erikson see as crucial for identity development?
Adolescence (12-18)
What are the two types of explicit/declarative memory?
Episodic memory (personal experiences) and semantic memory (factual knowledge)
What experimental method is used to test babies' depth perception?
Visual Cliff
Between which two of Piaget's stages do children learn the principles of conservation of mass?
Preoperational Stage to Concrete Operational Stage
Which hormone is primarily involved in bonding between parents and children?
Oxytocin
According to Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development, what is the main developmental task in children ages 6-12 years old?
Competence vs. Inferiority: This stage involves learning new skills and assessing one’s abilities in comparison to peers
A famous patient (H.M.) lost the ability to form new episodic memories after his brain surgery. What type of memory could H.M still form?
Procedural memories, a type of implicit/nondeclarative memory
In the first 6 months, as visual acuity is developing, babies do better with _________ designs.
High Contrast (e.g., Black and White)
What is the name for the effect when someone disengages attention and misses information while preparing to re-engage?
Attentional Blink
Which researcher developed the Strange Situation to test children's attachment style?
Mary Ainsworth (Note: Student of John Bowlby)
Consistent, responsive caregiving
Baddley & Hitch expanded on Atkinson and Shiffrin's model of memory by including a focus on working memory. What are the main parts of working memory in their model?
Phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer (Note: Central Executive directs these processes)
_________ is a key hormone produced by the placenta which supports fetal development. Later deficiencies in this hormone are also associated with increased anxiety.
Growth Hormone II
Piaget emphasized that children learn through independent exploration and construction of knowledge, whereas Vygotsky emphasized the role of social interaction and culture. What process did Vygotsky propose to support children's learning
Scaffolding (More knowledgeable other provides temporary support, learner is in the Zone of Proximal Development)
Parenting influencers on social media often advocate for "gentle parenting" as an alternative to Authoritarian Parenting. Which two research-based parenting styles are most similar to gentle parenting and which one is associated with better outcomes?
Authoritative Parenting (better) and Permissive Parenting
At what stage of moral development do children base their understanding of morality on consequences from parents?
Pre-conventional morality
The ________ is due to items being transferred into long-term memory (via rehearsal) while the _______ is due to items still being active in working memory.
Primacy Effect and Recency Effect
Locomotor learning
When a child sees a zebra and calls it a “horse,” they are using __________. When they learn that a zebra is a different animal and update their category, they are using __________.
Assimilation and Accommodation
What is the correlation value between attachment in infancy and attachment in adulthood?
0.20 to 0.50 (small to moderate)
What is important for aging well? (Name at least 2 factors)
Having a sense of a life of purpose and accomplishment
Social support and community
Exercise and physical activity
Research has shown that if a person reactivates a memory (by being reminded of it in detail) that memory temporarily becomes flexible again. This process is called ___________. It’s as if the brain “opens” the memory file to look at it, and while it’s open, changes can be made before it’s “saved” again. During this window, the memory can potentially be modified or disrupted.
Reconsolidation