Cities & globalization
What does Saunders mean by the term great migration?
Urbanization process -> from rural to urban areas
What is global politics?
Interactions among global actors in world politics, distinct from international relations
How have we defined terrorism in this course?
The use of violence by non-state groups or networks to achieve political change
Violence, non-state, and political change
What is the global civil society?
•A supranational sphere of social and political participation
•INGOs, citizen groups, social movements, and individuals
•Engage in dialogue, debate, confrontation and negotiation with governments, IGOs, and MNCs
What is Sassen’s (1996) main argument in Losing Control? What does she argue about the relationship of sovereignty, territory, and national control?
Economic globalization creates new geography of power
Separates territory from sovereignty and national control
Territory becomes denationalized and sovereignty becomes decentered
What is an arrival city and what is its role in the great migration and in globalization?
Makeshift community on outskirts of urban center: favelas, slums, shanty towns
What is sovereignty?
The ability of nation state governments to exercise control over their territory
How was terrorism understood in the past, and how is this historic definition different from modern understandings?
State violence against citizens (French revolution, the Stalinist era of Soviet Union)
Definition is evolved to mean the use of violence by nonstate groups or networks
How can the boomerang model explain the adoption of the landmine ban treaty?
•The VVAF, a civil society organization in the US, decide to take action on the issue
•Formed alliance with other groups to form international campaign to ban landmines
•Pooling resources + celebrity support → mobilization of over 1,200 CSO from 60 states
•The campaign sensitized global public opinion on the issue of landmines
What does Sassen (1996) say about globalization’s effects on the geographic distribution of economic activities?
Economic globalization materializes in specific territories
New international legal regime creates new powerful actors
Creation of electronic space
How are different levels of government (national, city) important for managing arrival cities?
City: zoning for mixed-use buildings, providing basic services, creating community, spontaneity
National: empowering participation in government, creating a sense of belonging, providing job opportunities
Which actors are important at each level of analysis?
Individual: political leaders, experts
National:resources, military
Systemic: hegemony, balance of power
Global: MNCs, IGOs, global civil society
How can we distinguish terrorism from criminal violence, insurgency and revolution?
Criminal violence: in its degree of political legitimacy
Insurgency: align their political objectives with the public interest to develop popular support and build new forms of legitimacy
Revolution: fundamental and sudden change in political power and political organization
How do transnational advocacy networks operate? What do they do?
Build links among national civil societies, change the nature and terms of debate on issue
Their goal is to change behavior of states and international organizations
What is the difference between government and private regulation?
Regulations made by government or private
Government regulation decreases, but private regulation increases
What is Florida’s main argument about the creative class?
They congregate in certain cities, and rely on the 3 Ts: tolerance, technology, and talent. Business follows the creative class.
Which are the four crises faced by the modern state because of globalization, according
to Manuel Castells?
Efficieny
Legitimacy
Identity
Equity
Which organization principles (hierarchy, network, market) has Al Qaeda adopted, in order to organize its activities?
Al Qaeda organized as networked hierarchies and participating organizations are divided in clusters.
What was the role of the global civil society for the adoption of the landmine ban treaty?
Civil societies in different countries put pressure on the government at the same time from outside.
Which actors emerge as important in the new international legal regime? Are they government actors?
International commercial arbitration: jurisdiction transferred from governments to private firms
International rating agencies: countries have ratings by private sectors
What do the traditional, social capital and human capital theories say about city prosperity? Does Florida agree or disagree with them?
Traditional: People follow economic growth, but they don't always have the best incentives.
Social Capital: People create strong ties and bonds, but it's hard for newcomers to feel a sense of belonging.
Human Capital: More productive and more economic growth, but only one T, not all 3.
Globalization as a new phenomenon: 2 arguments for vs. 2 arguments against
For:
1. economic interdependence greater than ever
2. communications have fundamentally changed the world
Against:
1. it is just the latest phase of capitalism
2. it is the latest stage of Western imperialism
What are the methods to combat terrorism?
Diplomacy, civil society mobilization, increase law enforcement, intelligence and covert action, financial controls, military force
Besides the involvement of civil society and national governments, what other conditions were necessary for the treaty’s successful adoption?
Celebrities = public support
How does the emergence of electronic space affect government sovereignty?
States find it difficult to control electronic space
Monitoring electronic economic transactions