Development
What is the resource curse?
When states have access to natural resources (oil, minerals, diamonds) that provide income without the need to develop societal goods and services, their long-term development can be hindered.
What are norms entrepreneurs?
Groups and individuals deeply committed to spreading norms throughout the international system
What is the main criticism of the International Criminal Court?
Almost all cases considered are from Africa- critics claim this shows either racist conduct or a refusal to prosecute when major states are involved.
What is the most successful historical example of international environmental cooperation?
The Montreal Protocol
Name one of the four pillars of the postwar order
Norms on sovereignty, collective security system (NATO), the Bretton Woods System of trade and exchange rates, the promotion of human rights and democracy.
Name an example of a commodity cartel, and what they do.
OPEC- manipulates the global price of oil.
What are the three categories of norms?
Constitutive, procedural, regulative
How does the "Asian Model" of human rights differ from Western-driven concepts?
The "Asian Model" popularized by leaders of Singapore and Malaysia focuses on state delivery of goods and services to citizens, rather than individual liberties.
What is a non-rival, excludable good?
Club good
What two types of weapons are most threatening in the current day?
WMDs (nuclear, chemical, biological) and cyberattacks
How are farmers in LDCs disadvantaged on the global market compared to farmers in developed countries (e.g. the USA)?
What is the boomerang model?
Activists in one country interact and collaborate with transnational advocacy networks, who in turn pressure the home country of the original activists to reform/change.
What is the argument for why human rights conditions have actually improved over time, despite data showing that the amount of violations has generally remained the same?
Standards/measurement of human rights have changed over time (more information, better monitoring) meaning the actual violations have not gone up (and in fact have gone down).
Environmental protection is what type of good? (Hint: there are four types, varying on excludability and rival-ness)
Public good
Name one of the three types of actors who have incentives to challenge the postwar order.
"Rogue states" and nonstate actors whose interests conflict with the US and allies
Rising powers who were weak during the construction of the postwar order (BRICS)
Those negatively impacted by globalization (workers, populists, etc.)
What is import-substituting industrialization (ISI)? Was it successful?
A strategy for development that involves high trade barriers and subsidies aimed at boosting domestic industries instead of importing goods. Used throughout Latin America, mostly to mixed/unsuccessful results
What is the difference between public and private international law?
Public regulates interactions involving states, private regulates transnational legal issues (involving non-state parties).
What three conditions increase the likelihood of punitive action against human rights violators?
Domestic pressure, geopolitical interests, opportunity to respect sovereignty and human rights at the same time.
How did the Kyoto Protocol attempt to solve the "tragedy of the commons"?
By using a carbon trading system (where states have to be granted the "right to pollute"), it tried to turn public goods into private goods.
Potential future conflict between the US and China can be explained by what theoretical model? Be specific- there is the model and the explanation within said model.
Credible commitment problems- rising and falling powers.
According to Prebisch, how do the terms of trade (movement of export/import prices) disproportionately affect LDCs? Hint: it has to do with the volatility of primary products vs. manufactured goods
Primary products (raw goods) have competitive markets and thus prices change quickly. Manufactured goods have less competition, and firms can thus control the volatility of those prices. Because LDCs mostly produce primary goods, they are subject to a less advantageous global market- buying for more and selling for less than developed countries.
Setting standards of behavior, verifying compliance through articulating rules, lowering decision-making costs by having set rules, regulating disputes.
What is the methodological reason that the correlation between signing human rights agreements and respecting human rights might not actually show that the agreements help protect rights?
Confounding: some other factor (like democracy or development) might lead to both signing agreements and respecting human rights.
Name 2 of the 5 factors that affect international environmental cooperation.
Group size (larger = more free riding)
Complexity of problem (more complex = harder to cooperate)
Iteration (more frequent interactions helps coop)
Bundling private goods with public goods (joint products)
Size/preferences vary to create a privileged group, whose gains from a public good are so great they are willing to unilaterally bear the costs of providing it
Consumers seeking cheap goods and businesses looking to import to or export from China might be in favor.
Manufacturers and workers in the US outpriced by cheap goods might be against.