Causes of War
This term refers to a well-established observation that there are few, if any, clear cases of war between mature democratic states.
Democratic Peace
This school of thought believes that, with no external restraint on the use of military force, every state must first and foremost look out for its own survival and security.
Realism
This is interaction in which two or more actors must decide how to distribute something of value. Increasing one actor’s share of the good decreases the share available to others.
Bargaining
At this level, representatives of states with different interests interact with one another, sometimes in the context of international institutions, such as the United Nations or World Trade Organization.
The International Level
Democratic political institutions—in particular, free and fair elections, party competition, and free media—can diminish the influence of hawkish interests, increase the ___________ for political leaders, or change the bargaining interaction in a way that makes a peaceful settlement more likely.
Costs of War
The set of deals that both parties in a bargaining interaction prefer over the reversion outcome. When the reversion outcome is war, the _____ is the set of deals that both sides prefer over war.
Bargaining Range
This school of thought is likely to see governments’ interests as coming from within (from the interplay of different domestic actors operating within domestic political institutions).
Liberalism
An interaction in which two or more actors adopt policies that make at least one actor better off relative to the status quo without making others worse off.
Cooperation
This level contains subnational actors with different interests, who interact within domestic institutions to determine a country’s foreign policy choices.
The Domestic Level
Economic organizations such as the United States Chamber of Commerce or Google, as well as organizations that focus on more social or cultural issues such as the World Wildlife Federation or Greenpeace, are examples of what?
Interest Groups
Sometimes, states cannot reach mutually beneficial settlements of their disputes because the disputed good cannot be divided. What is this called?
Indivisibility Problems
This school of thought puts less emphasis on material sources of interest, like wealth, and instead argues that what actors want is a function of their culture, prevailing identity, or conception of who they are.
Constructivsim
A type of cooperative interaction in which actors gain from working together but nonetheless have incentives not to comply with any agreement.
Collaboration
This level contains groups whose members span borders that pursue their interests by trying to influence both domestic and international politics.
The transnational level
What are four key domestic actors in foreign policy?
Leaders, Bureaucracy, Interest Groups, and the General Public
In order for states to successfully reach an agreement that avoids armed conflict, they must assure each other that they will not later use force to revise the terms of the deal. A _____________ arises when a state cannot make such a promise in a credible manner.
Commitment Problem
Constructivists emphasize these standards of behavior defined in terms of rights and obligations.
Norms
Collaboration is usually illustrated by this type of game
The Prisoner's Dilemma
Constituents and special interest groups are a part of this level of analysis.
The domestic level
This is an alliance of the department of defense, politicians, and defense industry in which each party influences government policy for their own benefit
The Military-Industrial Complex
Uncertainty about capabilities or resolve can make it difficult for states to agree on a settlement that all sides prefer over war. What is this called?
Incomplete Information
In the (1)_______ school of thought,
International institutions facilitate cooperation by setting out rules, providing information, and creating procedures for collective decision making.
In the (2)_______ school of thought,
International institutions define identities and shape action through the norms of just and appropriate behavior that they prescribe.
1. Liberal
2. Constructivist
The local library is funded through property taxes from those that live in the area. However, recently people from out of town have been using this library because it has the widest selection of books. What is this called?
Free riding
Some corporations, advocacy networks, and terrorist organizations are parts of this level of analysis.
The Transnational Level
A war that is fought with the intention of preventing an adversary from becoming relatively stronger in the future is called what?
A Preventative War