Chapter 6
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
A. conditioning
B. instincts
C. learning
D. reflexes
C. learning
Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through ________ experience.
A. direct
B. indirect
C. practical
D. theoretical
B. indirect
Terrance finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.
*A. acoustic
B. semantic
C. sensory
D. visual
Terrance finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.
A. acoustic
B. semantic
C. sensory
D. visual
A. acoustic
What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?
A. cognitive capacity
B. environment and culture
C. genes and biology
D. language acquisition
C. genes and biology
You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of ________.
A. operant conditioning
B. stimulus discrimination
C. stimulus generalization
D. higher-order conditioning
B. stimulus discrimination
A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.
A. syllable
B. morpheme
C. phoneme
D. syntactic unit
C. phoneme
When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, because you are comparing the information in front of you to that which is already stored in your long-term memory.
A. transience
B. recognition
C. recall
D. the Stroop effect
B. recognition
________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.
A. Categories
B. Cognitions
C. Prototypes
D. Schemata
D. Schemata
What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?
A. boys display fear differently from girls
B. boys display more fear than girls
C. emotion can be a conditioned response
D. fear cannot be a conditioned response
C. emotion can be a conditioned response
Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?
A. Charles Spearman
B. Howard Gardner
C. Raymond Cattell
D. Robert Sternberg
D. Robert Sternberg
The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.
A. coding; recoding
B. construction; reconstruction
C. equipotentiality; amnesia
D. information; misinformation
B. construction; reconstruction
Adolescents (ages 12–18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. Erik Erikson would argue that during this period adolescents face the________ task of development.
A. generativity vs. stagnation
B. identity vs. confusion
C. isolation vs. intimacy
D. trust vs. mistrust
B. identity vs. confusion
The ________ theory explains that the immediate associations involved in a conditioned taste aversion are a result of adaptation that helps us learn to avoid foods that are potentially harmful.
A. social learning
B. evolutionary
C. behavioral
D. the cognitive
B. evolutionary
The type of intelligence that involves seeing complex relationships and solving problems is ________ intelligence.
A. crystallized
B. intrapersonal
C. applied
D. fluid
D. fluid
From a cognitive psychology perspective, why is getting plenty of sleep the night before an exam important?
A. A good night of sleep inhibits the experience of retroactive interference.
B. It decreases the likelihood of experiencing transience of memories.
C. It makes sure that your neurons are firing at peak speed and efficiency.
D. It allows for consolidation of studied material in long-term memory.
D. It allows for consolidation of studied material in long-term memory.
Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage?
A. egocentrism
B. language development
C. object permanence
D. pretend play
C. object permanence
What is the main idea of social learning theory?
A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
B. Fear is a conditioned response.
C. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.
D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.
An intelligence score that falls below ________ indicates significant cognitive delays, and may be indicative of an intellectual disability.
A. 130
B. 100
C. 70
D. 40
C. 70
Katya studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary she can’t; instead she can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference.
A. retrograde
B. anterograde
C. proactive
D. retroactive
D. retroactive
Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.
A. fine
B. gross
C. reflexive
D. native
B. gross