Monocots vs Dicots
Give 2 monocot characteristics and 2 dicot characteristics.
monocot: linear leaves w/ parallel veins, fibrous root system, hypogeal germination, vascular bundles scattered in stem, 1 cotyledon
dicot: leaves w/ netted venation, vascular bundles in a ring, taproot system, epigeal germination, 2 cotyledons
Define Hybrid Vigor/ Heterosis.
The superior genetics that result in the F1 generation when crossing two inbred parents
Define complete, incomplete, perfect, and imperfect flowers
complete: sepals, petals, stamen, pistil
incomplete: lacking one of the 4
perfect: stamen & pistil
imperfect: lacking stamen or pistil
What are the products of the Light Reactions?
ATP, NADPH, Oxygen
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
meiosis: associated with sexual reproduction and occurs in the male & female repro organs, results in 4 haploid cells w/ half genetics from each parent
mitosis: results in 2 identical diploid cells
Do the following terms belong to a monocot or a dicot?
ligule, auricles, leaf blade
monocot
Define Transpiration and Evapotranspiration
Transpiration: water lost from the stomata of a plant
Evapotranspiration: plant's total water use
Is a wheat flower perfect and/or complete? Why? What kind of inflorescence does it have?
perfect and incomplete (stamen and pistil, but no petals or sepals); spike
What enzyme sometimes fixes oxygen instead of carbon dioxide, resulting in photorespiration in C3 plants?
Rubisco
Describe the difference between quantitative and qualitative traits an name an example of each.
Quantitative: yield, winter hardiness, biomass, height, growth rate
Qualitative: flower color, wrinkled v smooth peas, disease resistance
Do the following terms belong to a monocot or a dicot?
taproot, epigeal emergence, cotton
dicot
Define rhizobia and their purpose in a legume plant.
Legumes form symbiotic relationships with rhizobia bacteria. These bacteria invade root hairs and form nodules to fix atmospheric nitrogen for the plant's use. In exchange, they receive energy from the plant.
Name and describe five modified stems.
Bulb: narrow stem surrounded by layers of concentric fleshy rings
Corm: compressed, solid, fleshy underground stem
Tuber: enlarged, fleshy stems containing storage carbs
Rhizome: horizontal underground stem
Stolon: horizontal aboveground stem
What enzyme in C4 plants acts as a "bouncer" for carbon dioxide, before being followed by rubisco?
PEP Carboxylase
What are the Mendelian Laws of Inheritance?
Draw a monocot and dicot root cross section.
Monocot: xylem arranged in an inner circle surrounded by cortex on outside and pith on inside
Dicot: xylem arranged in an "X" in center
Define indeterminate and determinate.
Determinate plants cease vegetation growth after flowering.
Describe, in brief, the Calvin Cycle, including these terms:
-ATP/NADPH
-ADP/NADP+
-Rubsico
-sugar
-RuBP
-3-PGAs
Rubsico fixes Carbon dioxide to RuBP to create a six carbon compound. The six carbon compound then is split into 2 3-carbon molecules called PGAs. 1 PGA is sent out of the Chloroplast to make sugar, while the remaining PGAs are recycled to create more RuBP. ATP and NADPH is transformed into ADP and NADP+ as the energy is expended to build PGA molecules.
In a C4 plant, where does the Calvin Cycle take place?
Bundle Sheath Cell
What are 3 potential benefits and concerns about using transgenic plants?
Concerns:
Overall safety unsure, Long term impact on human health unknown, Outcross with weedy relatives, Unintended effects on non‐target organisms, Pests may develop resistance to technology, Ethical and religious issues
Benefits: Biological pest resistance – Bt corn • Herbicide tolerance – Roundup Ready • Adaptation to environmental stresses – salts • Desirable functional characteristics – shelf life • Desirable nutritional characteristics –golden rice
Draw a monocot and dicot stem cross section.
Monocot: vascular bundles scattered in rings
Dicot: vascular bundles arranged in a ring around the outside of the bundle.
Define photoperiodism; what are the three types of flowering responses?
Plant's reaction to changing durations of darkness; short day, long-day, and day-neutral
How have C4 plants adapted to photorespiration?
PEP Carboxylase fixes CO2 into a 3-carbon compound, which eventually transforms into malate and aspartate. These compounds are transferred into bundle sheath cells where the CO2 is released into the Calvin Cycle.
What is the complete equation for photosynthesis and respiration?
Respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy (ATP & Heat)
Photosynthesis:
6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy )sunlight) --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Describe the basic steps involved in the development of a new plant hybrid.
1. Collect sources of genetic variation
2. Determine plant materials
3. Hybridization leads to new genetic combos
4. Selection of desired combo of traits
5. Evaluation trials
6. New Variety
7. Distribution to growers