Sensation & Perception
This is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information to create conscious experience.
What is perception?
A relatively enduring change in behavior resulting from experience.
What is learning?
The three stages of memory in the Three-Stage Model.
What are sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory?
The sensory coders responsible for converting light into neural signals.
What are photoreceptors?
Visual sensory memory.
What is iconic memory?
Processing that begins with raw sensory information and builds upward to create perceptions.
What is bottom-up processing?
A decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimulus.
What is habituation?
The memory strategy of grouping information into meaningful units.
What is chunking?
The area of the retina where cones are most densely packed.
What is the fovea?
Auditory sensory memory.
What is echoic memory?
The process by which sensory coders convert sensory information into electrochemical signals.
What is transduction?
Learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a reflexive response after being paired with another stimulus.
What is classical conditioning?
This effect explains why people remember items at the beginning of a list.
What is the primacy effect?
The visual pathway junction where information from both eyes crosses and is distributed to the hemispheres.
What is the optic chiasm?
A person cannot recognize familiar faces despite normal vision.
What is prosopagnosia?
The brain's tendency to fill in missing information to create a complete perceptual experience.
What is perceptual completion?
A student studies hard because her parents promise her $20 if she earns an A. This is an example of this learning principle.
What is positive reinforcement?
When old information interferes with learning new information.
What is proactive interference?
Damage to this area can cause prosopagnosia.
What is the Fusiform Face Area (FFA)?
A child stops hitting his sibling because he loses TV privileges.
What is negative punishment?
This type of processing uses expectations, prior knowledge, and context to interpret sensory information.
What is top-down processing?
Learning by watching others and the consequences of their actions.
What is observational learning?
The principle stating that recall is best when retrieval conditions match encoding conditions.
What is the encoding specificity principle?
This visual stream processes shape and color and helps identify objects.
What is the ventral stream?
A patient can remember childhood events but cannot form new memories after a brain injury.
What is anterograde amnesia?