Sensation & Perception
What is the just-noticeable difference?
The smallest amount of stimulus change we can detect
How many stages of sleep are there?
Four
What is classical conditioning?
Learning to link two stimuli in a way that helps us anticipate an event to which we have a reaction
What is rehearsal?
The conscious repetition of information to be remembered.
What is a duel between three people called?
A truel
Describe rods and cones
•Rods
-Plentiful
–Basic shapes and forms
–Dark adaptation, Low levels of light
•Cones
–Color vision
–Shape and form perception
Name three disorders of sleep
Insomnia, Narcolepsy, Sleep Apnea, Night Terrors, Sleepwalking
What is ONE disadvantage of punishment?
–Punishment tells the organism only what not to do, not what to do; Punishment often creates anxiety, which can interfere with future learning; Punishment may encourage subversive behavior, prompting people to become sneaky; Punishment from parents may provide a model for aggressive behavior.
Describe the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
1.Stimuli are recorded by our senses and held briefly in sensory memory.
2.Some of this information is processed into short-term memory and encoded through rehearsal .
3.Information then moves into long-term memory where it can be retrieved later.
What is the rarest M&M color?
Brown
Define sensation and define perception
Sensation: The detection of physical energy by our sense organs, which send that information to the brain
Perception: The brain’s interpretation of raw sensory data
What is circadian rhythm?
Cyclical changes that occur on a roughly twenty-four-hour basis in many biological processes
What is negative reinforcement?
The removal of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of the behavior.
What is a flashbulb memory?
Emotionally intense events that become “burned in” as a vivid-seeming memory
What are the names of Cinderella’s stepsisters?
Anastasia and Drizella
Describe Proprioception and Vestibular Sense
Proprioception: Keeps track of where our body is and what it is doing, allowing us to move efficiently
Vestibular Sense: Enables us to sense and maintain our balance as we move about
What is activation synthesis theory?
REM sleep triggers impulses that evoke random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories.
What is partial reinforcement?
Occasional reinforcement of a behavior and results in slower extinction
What role does the cerebellum play in memory?
The cerebellum (“little brain”) forms and stores our conditioned responses.
Which is the only edible food that never goes bad?
Honey
What is parallel processing?
building perceptions out of sensory details processed simultaneously in different areas of the brain
Barbiturates are tranquilizers--drugs that depress central nervous system activity.
Effects: reducing anxiety and inducing sleep
Describe the four schedules of reinforcement.
Fixed interval: every so often
Variable interval: unpredictably often
Fixed ratio: every so many behaviors
Variable Ratio: after an unpredictable number of behaviors
What is the serial position effect
The serial position effect refers to the tendency, when learning information in a long list, to more likely recall the first items (primacy effect) and the last items (recency effect).
What is the most frequently sold item at Walmart?
Bananas