Ch.8
The processing of information into the memory system—for example,by extracting meaning.
What is encoding?
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
What is cognition?
The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
What is intelligence?
A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
What is motivation?
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.
What is homeostasis?
When misleading information has corrupted one’s
memory of an event.
What is the misinformation effect?
A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
What is confirmation bias?
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
What is a mental set?
The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
What is drive-reduction theory?
We prioritize survival-based needs and then social needs more than the needs for esteem and meaning
What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously;the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions.
What is parallel processing?
The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions.
What is emotional intelligence?
A test designed to predict a person’s future performance.
What is an aptitude test?
The theory of emotion which states that emotions arise from the perception and interpretation of bodily changes.
What is James-Lange theory?
Excessive self-love and self absorption.
What is narcissism?
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.
What is chunking?
Expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions.
What is divergent thinking?
The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.
What is validity?
A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.
What is an instinct?
The deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups.
What is ostracism?
A neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.
What is the hippocampus?
Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.
What is crystallized intelligence?
Our abilities are best classified into eight or nine independent intelligences, which include a broad range of skills beyond traditional school smarts.
A desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of skills or ideas; for control; and for attaining a high standard.
What is achievement motivation?
In psychology, passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals.
What is grit?