Chapter 7
A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts.
schema
Bryson remembers nothing before his concussion happened, meaning he has ________ amnesia. If he were unable to learn new things, he would have ________ amnesia.
retrograde; anterograde
Individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) show marked reductions in the volume of several parts of the ________.
hippocampus
Confidence in our own abilities is something Albert Bandura called ________.
Self-efficacy refers to our confidence in our own abilities; we can have high or low self-efficacy.
If someone cuts Stevie off on her drive to work, she gets angry and has a hard time getting over it. This is an example of the ________ component of an attitude.
The affective component is about feelings/emotions. Therefore anger would be considered an example of the affective component of an attitude.
________ appraisal involves judging whether a stressor is either a threat or a challenge.
Primary appraisals involve an individual’s perception of and response to events that are judged to be overwhelming or threatening to well-being.
Intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of public places and spaces is known as
agoraphobia.
Comparing which cell phone to buy and contrasting the different contracts that come with each purchase in an example of using ________ intelligence.
Analytical intelligence is involved when you analyze and evaluate information, such as comparing and contrasting cell phone contracts.
The processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over time is known as
memory.
The seven universal emotions are
happiness, surprise, sadness, fright, disgust, contempt, and anger.
Which personality test uses images and storytelling cues that relate to minority, especially Latino, populations?
The TEMAS (tell-me-a-story) multicultural TAT is a projective test designed to be culturally relevant to minority groups, especially Hispanic youths.
Before registering for the next semester, Karen asks her friends about a professor she doesn’t know. They all say the professor is a great teacher. Consequently, Karen assumes that this person is a great teacher and enrolls in the course. Which type of conformity is this?
Informational conformity results from the belief that other people are correct in their judgments. Faced with a clear consensus among her friends, Karen reasonably assumes that they are right and therefore adopts their opinion.
________ are those in which the physical symptoms of a disorder can be produced or exacerbated by psychological factors.
Psychophysiological disorders
Which disorder includes symptoms of inattentiveness and impulsive behavior?
ADHD
The words we use are called
lexicon.
Memory aids that help us organize information for encoding are called
mnemonic devices.
The hormone ________ signals feelings of fullness to the brain.
leptin
Freud’s psychodynamic theory of personality focused on topics like
unconscious forces and childhood.
Racism is both prejudice and ________ toward another group because of their skin color.
discrimination
The efforts used to manage problems relating to stress are ________.
coping
Which of the following is a behavior associated with depression?
feelings of hopelessness
The best example of a concept is a
prototype.
Encoding information occurs through ________.
automatic processing and effortful processing
A new born baby knowing how to suck to get food is an example of a
An instinct is an innate, fixed pattern of behavior in response to certain stimuli.
________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.
heritability
________ is the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings.
Situationism refers to view that our behaviors are determined by our environment (or the current situation that we’re in), and not because of enduring dispositions like personality. For example, if someone cuts us off in traffic, we’re likely to say that that person probably was in a hurry or that the weather conditions made it difficult for that person to see us.
What triggers the secondary appraisal of a stressor?
how a threat is perceived
Which of the following is a sign of borderline personality disorder?
impulsivity
Mental sets occur
when you approach a problem the same way, even if it is ineffective.
The “I knew it all along” phenomenon is known as
hindsight bias.
According to Maslow, which needs should be met just before self-actualization can be achieved?
esteem
Self-worth, accomplishment, and confidence, the esteem level in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, needs to be met just before self-actualization.
Which Neo-Freudian emphasized the importance of the collective unconscious?
Jung believed that the deepest part of the individual psyche is the collective unconscious, which is shared by all people and reflects humanity’s collective evolutionary history.
Using cold, hard facts to sell a computer is an example of the ________ to persuasion.
central route
Optimism is a tendency toward a(n) ________.
positive outlook and positive expectations
Genetic factors play a large role in ________. Twin studies show that identical twins are have a 67% chance of getting this disorder if their twin has it as well.
bipolar disorder