Learning
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
learning
What is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner's work with little Albert?
It would be unethical by today’s research standards.
Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?
shaping
________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.
Cognition
What impact did Genie’s early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(n) ________.
mastery of the grammatical aspects of language
In Pavlov’s classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word ________.
learned
You are a big fan of your grandmother’s chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of ________.
stimulus generalization
Dave’s boss told him that he doesn’t have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave’s boss is using ________.
negative reinforcement
________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.
Concepts
A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.
phoneme
Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.
associative
Which two concepts can be thought of as opposite processes within the classical conditioning model?
A.acquisition and extinction
B. punishment and reinforcement
C. continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement
D. latent learning and insight learning
acquisition and extinction
________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.
primary
Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language, or the words contained within that language?
lexicon
A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.
morpheme
You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of ________.
stimulus discrimination
Niaz’s car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.
hindsight bias
He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.
B.F. Skinner
Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.
role
Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?
semantics
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.
neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence from the multiple intelligences theory.
A. bodily kinesthetic
B. interpersonal
C. logical–mathematical
D. spatial
logical–mathematical
What is the main idea of operant conditioning?
Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?
functional fixedness
What is the confirmation bias?
focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs