Genetics & Heredity
At conception, how many chromosomes does a child inherit from each parent?
23 from each parent (for a total of 46).
Which event marks the transition from the germinal to the embryonic period?
Implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine wall.
At birth, the brain is approximately what percentage of its adult weight?
25%.
According to Piaget, repeating actions involving one’s own body for enjoyment (like thumb-sucking) is called what?
Primary circular reaction
In Erikson’s stages, consistent caregiver responsiveness fosters what sense in infants?
Trust.
A 3-year-old is naturally shy but becomes more outgoing after attending preschool, where teachers encourage group play and model positive social interactions.
Which developmental concept best explains how experience shapes a child’s inherited temperament over time?
Epigenetics (or gene–environment interaction) — the environment influences the expression of genetic traits, shaping behavioral outcomes.
DAILY DOUBLE#2
300 Points
Cephalocaudal (seh-fuh-loh-KAWD-uhl) development refers to which pattern of growth?
Development that progresses from the head down toward the feet.
Which reflex helps infants locate a food source when their cheek is stroked?
Rooting reflex.
Why can’t most adults remember events from infancy?
Early memories are not encoded in a way accessible to older selves due to limited language skills.
A toddler who is discouraged from independence may develop which outcome, according to Erikson?
Shame and doubt.
Two identical twins are separated at birth and raised in very different environments. As adults, both display similar cognitive abilities but differ in personality and interests.
What does this reveal about the relationship between nature and nurture?
Both genetics and environment interact to shape development; intelligence has a strong genetic component, while personality and preferences are more influenced by environment.
Which term describes the observable traits that result from an individual’s genetic makeup?
Phenotype.
Which factor most influences the severity of damage caused by a teratogen?
Timing of exposure during pregnancy.
DAILY DOUBLE #1
200 points
What is it called when a child uses one word to represent a full thought, such as “milk” for “I want milk”?
Holophrastic (hoh-luh-FRAS-tik ) speech.
A 3-year-old says, “The cat goed outside.” A teacher’s gentle correction is an example of what?
Scaffolding.
A mother contracts rubella early in pregnancy, resulting in hearing and vision problems for her baby. A second mother contracts it late in pregnancy and her baby is unaffected.
What principle of prenatal development does this illustrate?
The timing of exposure to teratogens determines the type and severity of developmental damage.
Parents who are both carriers for cystic fibrosis (Nc) have what chance of passing on the carrier gene to their child?
50%
Which pregnancy complication is characterized by high blood pressure and potential organ damage?
Preeclampsia.
Why should solid foods be introduced around six months of age?
To provide iron as the infant’s natural stores are depleted.
Which theory suggests children are born with an innate ability to acquire language?
Nativist theory.
Which parenting style is a high-control style that balances set, strict, unexplained rules and enforcing them with punishment, while offering warmth and responsiveness?
Authoritative parenting.
A 10-month-old repeatedly drops a spoon from their high chair and watches their caregiver pick it up each time, laughing and repeating the action.
According to Piaget, which stage or concept of cognitive development does this behavior demonstrate?
Secondary circular reaction — repeating actions involving the external environment to observe outcomes.
A child inherits a gene for athletic ability but excels only after receiving expert coaching. What concept does this demonstrate?
Gene–environment interaction.
True or False: Black women face a higher risk of pregnancy-related death than White women, even with similar income and education levels.
True
A newborn with extreme weight loss and muscle wasting is likely suffering from which condition?
Marasmus (mr·a·smuhs)
In the Sally–Anne test, where will a typically developing 5-year-old expect Sally to look for the marble?
In the basket (where she last saw it).
According to Conscious Discipline, when a child is upset, what should a parent do first?
Help the child feel safe and connected before problem-solving.
A parent provides clear rules but also listens to their child’s opinions, helping them understand why certain behaviors are expected.
According to Baumrind’s theory, which parenting style is this, and what developmental outcomes are associated with it?
Authoritative parenting — linked to higher self-esteem, social competence, and emotional regulation in children.