Physical Development: Infancy
Proximodistal development is thepattern of physicaldevelopment that progresses
a) From “tail” to head
b) From head to “tail”
c) From outward to the center
d) From the center outward
d) From the center outward
Synaptic pruning is
a) The increase in connections between neurons
b) The elimination of connections between neurons
c) The surrounding of axons with white fatty tissue
d) The elimination of white fatty tissue surrounding axons
b) The elimination of connections between neurons
Which of the following represents the typical ordering of stages in infant language development?
a) Cooing, babbling, telegraphic speech, first words
b) Babbling, telegraphic speech, cooing, first words
c) Cooing, babbling, first words, telegraphic speech
d) Babbling, first words, telegraphic speech, cooing
c) Cooing, babbling, first words, telegraphic speech
Can children with insecure attachments with caregivers become more securely attached?
a) No, attachment is stable over time
b) Yes, with better quality caregiving
c) Yes, but it depends on the sex of the child
d) Yes, but it depends on whether the strongest attachment is with the mother or the father
b) Yes, with better quality caregiving
Which feeding reflex propels food or objects from the back of the mouth forward in order to prevent choking on inappropriate foods or objects?
a) Gag reflex
b) Suck/swallow reflex
c) Moro reflex
d) Tongue/thrust reflex
a) Gag reflex
In what order wouldmost infants progressthrough the followinglocomotion milestones?
a) Crawling, sitting up, creeping, running
b) Sitting up, creeping, crawling, rolling over
c) Rolling over, sitting up, crawling, walking
d) Creeping, sitting up, crawling, walking
c) Rolling over, sitting up, crawling, walking
Colostrom is...
a) The reflex in which infants start sucking when a finger is placed in their mouth
b) Sudden loud crying usually due to pain in the digestive track
c) Early breast milk that is high in nutrients
d) A disease that results from a lack of nutrients and failure to meet milestones
c) Early breast milk that is high in nutrients
Which of the following refers to a single word that is used to express complex meanings?
a) Holophrase
b) Monophrase
c) Telegraphic speech
d) Infinite generativity
a) Holophrase
Without Jack knowing, Jack’s mother places a red dot of paint on his forehead. Jack wanders in front of a mirror, sees his reflection, giggles, and wipes the paint off his forehead. This indicates that Jack
a) Has developed selfconcept and is able to form a mental picture of himself
b) Has not yet achieved self-concept
c) Understands social referencing
d) Understands synchronous interactions
a) Has developed selfconcept and is able to form a mental picture of himself
Synaptogenesis is
a) The increase in connections between neurons
b) The elimination of connections between neurons
c) The surrounding of axons with white fatty tissue
d) The elimination of white fatty tissue surrounding axons
a) The increase in connections between neurons
Differentiation refers to
a) The process by which behaviors and structures become more specialized
b) The process by which behaviors and structures become more global
c) The emergence of secondary emotions
d) The emergence of higher-order attachment patterns
a) The process by which behaviors and structures become more specialized
Which of the following lists the correct sequence of hand grasping milestones?
a) Pincer grasp, grasping reflex, ulnar grasp, transfer between hands
b) Transfer between hands, pincer grasp, ulnar grasp, grasping reflex
c) Grasping reflex, ulnar grasp, transfer between hands, pincer grasp
d) Grasping reflex, pincer grasp, transfer between hands, ulnar grasp
c) Grasping reflex, ulnar grasp, transfer between hands, pincer grasp
Goodwyn, Acredolo, & Brown (2000) found that teaching infants sign language
a) May delay language development (result in lower scores on receptive and expressive language tests)
b) May facilitate language development (result in higher scores on receptive and expressive language tests)
c) May lead some children to not speak their first word until after 3 years of age
d) May lead parents to talk with their children less
b) May facilitate language development (result in higher scores on receptive and expressive language tests)
Harlow’s research with infant monkeys suggests that
a) The basis of attachment is the food provided by the mother
b) The basis of attachment is contact comfort provided by the mother
c) Attachments can be formed between monkeys regardless of environment
d) Infant monkeys become attached once they are conditioned to the presentation of food
b) The basis of attachment is contact comfort provided by the mother
During the Strange Situation assessment, Peter cries loudly and yells “Mama!” repeatedly when his mother leaves the room. When she returns, Peter is easily comforted. Peter likely has a/an ______________ attachment with his mother.
a) Secure
b) Avoidant
c) Resistant/ambivalent
d) Disorganized
a) Secure
Which of the following is TRUE about Werker et al.’s study (assessing English speaking infants’ ability to distinguish two “da” sounds in Hindi)?
a) By 10 months, infants could successfully differentiate the two sounds
b) Infants of all ages successfully differentiated the two sounds
c) By 10 months, infants could not hear the difference between the two sounds
d) Infants of all ages could not hear the difference between the two sound
c) By 10 months, infants could not hear the difference between the two sounds
Which statement best describes how infants grow in height?
a) Infants get gradually taller every day
b) Infants grow in height for the first 3 months, then remain about the same height until they are 6 months old
c) Infants experience growth spurts where their height remains relatively stable about 90% of the time, but then experience spurts where they can grow up to an inch in a single day
d) Infants grow about 1 inch every other day
c) Infants experience growth spurts where their height remains relatively stable about 90% of the time, but then experience spurts where they can grow up to an inch in a single day
Hazel got a puppy. She knows that puppies are animals. Her next-door neighbor has a cat. Hazel’s father tells her that both puppies and cats are animals. As a result, Hazel changes her scheme of animals to include cats. Changing or adapting a scheme to incorporate new information is called
a) Assimilation
b) Accommodation
c) Coordination of secondary schemes
d) Invention of New Means Through Mental Combinations
b) Accommodation
During the Strange Situation assessment, Becky is anxious around her mother and around strangers. Becky appears dazed and disoriented when her mother leaves the room and when she returns. Becky likely has a/an ______________ attachment with her mother.
a) Secure
b) Avoidant
c) Resistant/ambivalent
d) Disorganized
d) Disorganized
The story of Genie:
a) Shows the effects of teaching signing to young children
b) Provides evidence for the existence of the language aquisition device
c) Suggests that language aqusition is predominately genetic
d) Suports the hypothesis that there are sensitive periods for learning language
d) Suports the hypothesis that there are sensitive periods for learning language
Marlier and Schaal’s (2005) study recruited infants that were either breast-fed or bottle-fed (formula). These infants were placed in an olfactory device in which human milk and formula milk were pipetted on a gauze pad and placed symmetrically on either side of the infant. The researchers assessed duration of head turning to each kind of milk and oral activities/mouthing (indicating preference). The results showed:
a) The bottle(formula)- fed infants preferred formula milk and breast-fed babies preferred human milk
b) Both groups of infants preferred formula milk
c) Both groups of infants preferred human milk
d) The findings between the outcome variables of head turning and oral activities/mouthing were inconsistent
c) Both groups of infants preferred human milk
Rose et al.’s study tested infants’ visualrecognition memory. This was done by showing 7-month-olds two different faces: one they had seen before (old face) and one that they had never seen before (new face). The researchers measured how long infants spent looking at each face. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
a) This was a test of generativity; infants spent more time looking at the new faces
b) This was a test of generativity; infants spent more time looking at the old faces
c) This was a test of habituation; infants spent more time looking at the new faces
d) This was a test of habituation; infants spent more time looking at the old faces
c) This was a test of habituation; infants spent more time looking at the new faces
Lesion studies suggest that language production takes place in ______________; while language comprehension takes place in _________________.
a) Broca’s area; the cerebellum
b) The cerebellum; Broca’s area
c) Wernike’s area; Broca’s area
d) Broca’s area; Wernike’s area
d) Broca’s area; Wernike’s area
Children with difficult temperaments....
a) Have a high likelihood of developing a mental health disorder in adolescence or adulthood
b) May or may not experience difficulties later on in development depending on the “goodness of fit” between the child’s behavior style and the parents’ expectations and behavior toward the child
c) Can never have secure attachments with caregivers
d) Are more likely to have disorganized attachments with caregivers than avoidant attachments with caregivers
b) May or may not experience difficulties later on in development depending on the “goodness of fit” between the child’s behavior style and the parents’ expectations and behavior toward the child
When classifying infant attachment, researchers are most concerned with
a) The pattern of infant behavior across the course of separation from, and reunions with, caregiver
b) The amount of time the infant spends crying
c) How the caregiver responds to the infant
d) The amount of comfort the caregiver gives the infant
a) The pattern of infant behavior across the course of separation from, and reunions with, caregiver