Chapter 1
This domain of development involves biological changes, such as changes in size and strength, and the integration of sensory and motor activities.
What is Physical Development
This theory of learning is based on direct consequences (called reinforcers or punishers) for behavior
What is operant conditioning?
The first step in the scientific method is often making observations, which lead to formulating this prediction about what will happen in a situation.
What is a hypothesis?
This single-gene disorder, common in people of African descent, results in painful, restricted blood flow due to the misshapen red blood cells.
What is sickle cell anemia?
If a pregnant woman is exposed to this common teratogen, the fetus is at risk for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, including small stature and intellectual disability.
What is alcohol?
This domain includes learning how to connect with others, interacting effectively, and understanding, expressing, and regulating one's own and others' emotions.
What is social-emotional development?
The concept that behavior can be learned simply by watching others, rather than receiving direct reinforcement, is central to this theory developed by Albert Bandura.
What is social cognitive theory?
This term refers to how researchers clearly define a concept, such as aggression, so that it can be seen and measured precisely.
What is operationalize (or operationalizing concepts)?
This type of gene disorder can occur in two ways: (1) by inheriting a pair of recessive genes that carry the instructions for that disorder, or (2) by inheriting a pair of genes that contain a mutation.
What is a single gene disorder?
In this final stage of prenatal development, which lasts from week 9 until birth, the fetus gains significant size and weight as organ systems become functional.
What is the fetal stage?
This type of development is something we can measure, because it occurs as small changes measurable over time. (ex, height)
What is quantitative, continuous, or incremental
According to B. F. Skinner, this type of reinforcement occurs when something disagreeable is removed after a behavior, making the future occurrence of that behavior more likely.
What is negative reinforcement?
This type of research is done to add to our understanding of the phenomena we are interested in and to help us refine our theories
What is basic research?
When a trait's genetic expression has a self-righting tendency that produces the expected developmental outcome under all but the most extreme environmental conditions, it is called this.
What is deeply canalized?
This critical process in the embryonic stage is when all of the major organ systems are laid down.
What is organogenesis?
A belief that children are active in shaping their own development is supported by this concept, where individuals seek out environments that fit their genetic makeup.
What is niche picking?
This specific system in Bronfenbrenner's ecological model consists of environments that the child never enters, such as a parent's workplace or local government agencies, which still affect the child's development.
What is the exosystem?
In an experiment, this variable is the special treatment hypothesized to cause a change in the behavior being measured, which is the dependent variable.
What is the independent variable?
This occurs when a child, predisposed to shyness, actively avoids stimulating social situations, thereby reinforcing the initial genetic tendency.
What is an active gene-environment interaction?
In this stage of prenatal development, 40% to 60% of conceptions fail to implant and do not survive.
What is the germinal stage?
The shift in debate from "nature versus nurture" to "nature through nurture" reflects the understanding that environments can influence how genes are turned on or off, a process known as this.
What is epigenetics (or behavioral epigenetics)?
In classical conditioning, Little Albert's immediate fear response to a loud sound was this, before the sound was paired with the white rat.
What is the unconditioned response (UCR)?
When different age groups are tested and compared at the same time to gain a picture of age-related changes, this research design is used, but risks creating a cohort effect.
What is a cross-sectional design?
When studying the genetic influence on behavior, researchers compare this numerical measure of trait similarity between identical and fraternal twins.
What is the concordance rate?
The two A's in the APGAR scale stands for these two things.
What are Activity level and Appearance?