Chapter 1
The field of epigenetics states that these two things that influence development do so together, not separately as previously thought
What are nature and nurture?
If a parent takes away the rest of a child's broccoli after the child eats one piece, this is what type of reinforcer?
What is negative?
This type of research has the goal to solve immediate problems or improve the human condition, such as developing glasses for kids with dyslexia.
What is applied?
This is the likelihood a trait/behavior will be transmitted from biological parent to their child.
What is heritability?
Alcohol act as one of these agents that can cause malformations in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS).
What is a teratogen?
This process of thinking about development looks at all three types of development (physical, cognitive, and social-emotional) as being impactful.
What is a holistic process?
In the Little Albert experiment, Albert's conditioned respose to the rat was this.
What is fear (i.e., crying, backing away, etc.)?
This approach to research organizes current information and generates new ideas to pursue.
What is the scientific method?
This type of chromosome makes boys more at risk for the expression of some recessive genes.
What is the Y chromosome?
This is the term for when a healthy infant dies unexpectedly.
What is Sudden Infant Death Syndrome?
In this type of gene-environment interaction, children are born into a family that shares and promotes their own genetically determined abilities and interests.
What is passive?
According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, this part of the personality is in charge of negotiating between the demands of basic drives and the real world.
What is the ego?
In the scientific method, turning a concept (like anxiety) into a variable is called this
What is operationalizing.
This type of effect is what we call it when one gene may influence many developmental outcomes.
What is the pleiotropic effect?
The R in APGAR stands for this.
What is Respiration?
This type of theories suggests that development happens in qualitative of discontinuous changes.
What are stage theories?
The Bobo doll experiment, Bandura shows his theory that people can learn by watching others, which he called this.
What is social cognitive theory?
This type of research design has two groups: one that receives the special treatment, and one that does not.
What is experimental?
This is the word for the physical expression of genes (physical traits and characteristics).
What is a phenotype?
This is the range of hours a day that newborns sleep?
What is 10-18 hours?
This kind of development explains changes in the way we think, understand, and reason about the world.
What is cognitive development?
In Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, this is the environment that connects different parts of the microsystem.
What is the mesosystem?
This type of experiment does NOT have random assignment - researchers observe groups that have the different conditions already (such as children from divorced and non-divorced homes).
What are quasi (or natural) experiments?
This prenatal genetic diagnostic test takes a sample of the fluid surrounding the fetus via a needle
What is amniocentesis?
This is the first stage of prenatal development, in which 40-60% of conceptions do not survive.
What is the germinal stage?