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the four D's of abnormality
deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger
diathesis-stress model
suggests a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remain unexpressed until triggered by stress
systematic desensitization therapy
a behavioral method for treating anxiety in which clients visualize a graduated series of anxiety-provoking stimuli while remaining relaxed
how are psychological disorder evaluated?
During a general psychiatric evaluation, the clinician gathers information through interviews with the patient, reviewing their medical and psychiatric history, and may use standardized psychological tests or questionnaires to assess specific symptoms or conditions.
the study of how children incorporate the images, the memories, and sometimes the values of a person who was important to them and to whom they were (or are) emotionally attached
CT scan
a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body
PET scan
a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
MRI scan
uses radio waves and a very strong magnetic field to produce images of the soft tissue
EEG test
measures the electrical activity of the brain, often called brain waves, by means of small electrodes attached to different areas in the scalp
projective test
a personality test, such as the Rorschach that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
DSM-5
a reference book on mental health and brain-related conditions and disorders, provides clear, highly detailed definitions of mental health and brain-related conditions
autonomic nervous system
when we experience a perceived threat, the hypothalamus first activates the sympathetic division of the ANS
adrenal-cortisol system
another system activated when there's a perceived threat where ATCH stimulates the adrenal cortex and releases a group of hormones, main one being cortisol
structured interview
involves asking each applicant the same questions and comparing their responses to a standardized set of answers
clinical interview
an interview method in which the researcher uses a flexible, conversational style to allow for the participant's to share point of view
psychanalysis
Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
psychodynamic theories
theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
cognitive theories
therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
assessment
Examples of assessments include tests, surveys, observations, and self-assessment.
standardization
defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
anxiety vs fear
anxiety= a future-oriented apprehension, tension, or sense of dread
fear= an immediate emotional response to danger or perceived threat in threat in the environment
fight or flight response
a set of physical and psychological responses that help us a fight a threat or flee from it.
self-monitoring
awareness of one's behavior and when those behaviors are most proactive during the day
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher