Defining & Measuring
Any form of behavior directed toward the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment
aggression
The three theoretical approaches to explaining aggression include, biological, social and _______ approaches.
psychological
At this age, an infant able to recognize anger and other emotions in an adult’s facial expressions
3 months
Situational stimuli that prime aggressive behavior
Aggressive cues
This approach to violence prevention targets the processes involved in different types of aggression, such as the affective and cognitive antecedents of aggression
general approach
Shouting or swearing at someone
verbal aggression
The steam-boiler model, hormones, genetics, and nueroanatomy are all examples of this theoretical approach.
biological approach
The type of aggression we start to see gender differences in at a little over two years of age
physical aggression
Identifying geographic region effects, time period effects, and concomitant effects in manipulated environments are all examples of methodological approaches to studying this
Heat hypothesis
The roots of this date back to the idea in Greek tragedy that watching the unfolding resolution of conflict on stage leads to a sort of "cleansing," but the empirical evidence so far suggests that this is not an effective way to reduce aggression
catharsis
Use of these provide an additional data source that can be used to establish the rates of different violent offenses and to examine covariations of violent crime rates and other variable
archival records
This theoretical explanation posits aggression is a likely response to frustration, enhanced by the presence of aggressive cues
frustration-aggression hypothesis
Ruminating about this particular emotion increases the likelihood that a person will behave aggressively
anger
An example of a stressor in the physical environment that has been found to increase the likelihood of aggression in bars, prison, and densely populated communities.
An example of this would be playing pleasant enjoyable music when you are stuck in traffic
eliciting incompatible responses
The hot-sauce paradigm, teacher learner paradigm, and essay-evaluation paradigm are studied in this context
laboratory context
This theory explains aggression as a result of observing and then modeling the behavior of others.
social learning theory
The tendency to misinterpret social cues by perceiving the motivations of another person’s behavior as being malicious
hostile attribution bias
The experience of this can undermine an individual's sense of control and aggression is thought to be a means of regaining control
social rejection
Trying to reduce aggressive behavior with this is difficult because it requires several preconditions that rarely co-occur in a given context.
punishment
A lack of control over predictor variables, people acting differently if they know they are being observed, and the lack of randomization are all limitations of this type of study.
naturalistic observation
This theory defines aggression as a result of personal and situational input variables eliciting affective, cognitive, and physiological responses that influence our decision-making processes.
General Aggression Model
This prototype of antisocial behavior emerges during early childhood, is linked with cognitive deficits and hyperactivity, exacerbated with high-risk social environments (i.e. rejection by peers or family conflict), and associated with violent crime in adulthood.
life-course persistent antisocial behavior
Research by Ito and colleagues (1996) found intoxicated individuals showed more pronounced aggression when this was low rather than high, possibly because there are fewer normative constraints that prohibit aggression when this is present.
provocation
In this example of violence prevention at the individual level, participants learn the cues that trigger negative arousal and how to reduce negative arousal by interpreting the situation in a de-escalating way
anger management OR stress inoculation training