Observational Learning
This influential psychologist developed the Social Learning Theory, which emphasizes the importance of observation and modeling in learning
Albert Bandura
This neurotransmitter, often associated with pleasure and reward, plays a key role in reinforcement learning and motivation.
dopamine
This psychologist proposed the theory of reciprocal determinism, which suggests that behavior is influenced by the interaction of personal factors, environmental factors, and behavior itself.
Albert Bandura
This term, created by Julian Rotter, describes how individuals attribute outcomes to personal (internal) or external factors.
locus of control
This area of the brain, responsible for memory formation, plays a crucial role in learning and information retention.
HIPPOCAMPUS
This term refers to the reinforcement that occurs when an individual observes someone else being rewarded for a behavior, leading to an increased likelihood of that individual performing the behavior themselves.
Vicarious Reinforcement
Deficiencies in this neurotransmitter have been linking to learning and memory impairments (as seen in Alzheimer's disease)
Acetylcholine
According to reciprocal determinism, these internal factors, such as thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes, play a crucial role in shaping behavior and interacting with external influences.
cognitive factors
individuals' expectations about the consequences of their actions are influenced by their beliefs about their own ability to perform the behavior, known as this.
locus of control
which type of neuroplasticity refers to this phenomenon, where the brain can reorganize and form new neural connections in response to learning or experience.
structural (neuro)plasticity
The process of observational learning involves four key steps: attention, retention, reproduction, and this.
Motivation
This neurotransmitter has been shown to enhance memory consolidation during REM sleep.
seratonin
Reciprocal determinism emphasizes the dynamic interplay between these three factors in shaping human behavior.
personal factors, environmental factors, behavior
Provide an example of how an individual's locus of control can influence their health-related behaviors and choices.
internal - eat well, exercise, yearly check-ups
external - poor nutrition, apathy, lack of self-care
What are the three main parts of a neuron? how does an action potential travel through each part?
An electric signal builds up in the soma. Once it reaches a certain threshold ("absolute threshold"), the electric signal shoots through the axon (increased speed due to myelin), releasing neurotransmitters into the synapse, which are then picked up by the dendrites of another neuron...where the process continues
The concept of vicarious reinforcement and punishment, central to observational learning, suggests that individuals may learn from the experiences of others without directly experiencing these consequences themselves. Give an example of each.
Example of vicarious reinforcement: Watching a friend receive praise for volunteering in class. Example of vicarious punishment: Witnessing a classmate getting scolded for being late.
This neurotransmitter is released during and after the learning process/session
acetylcholine
Provide an example of how environmental factors can influence an individual's behavior, according to reciprocal determinism, in the context of a classroom environment.
teacher creates a positive and supportive classroom atmosphere. This positive environment can encourage students to participate more actively in class discussions, engage in learning activities, and ultimately improve their academic performance. Conversely, a negative or chaotic classroom environment may lead to distractions, disengagement, and lower academic achievement among students.
The tendency for individuals to attribute their successes to internal attributes and failures to external factors, and attribute others' successes to external attributes and failures to internal attributes is called ________
fundamental attribution error
Mirror neurons, found in this area of the brain, are believed to play a role in observational learning by firing not only when an individual performs an action but also when they observe another individual performing the same action.
(pre)motor cortex
Also acceptable - frontal lobe
this term refers to the process of mentally rehearsing and retaining information about observed behaviors, which is crucial for later reproduction.
Retention
This neurotransmitter, known for its inhibitory effects on neuronal activity, is involved in the regulation of arousal and attention, impacting learning and memory processes.
GABA
How does reciprocal determinism help us understand the development and treatment of addictive behaviors, such as smoking or substance abuse?
personal factors - genetic predisposition to addiction and observational learning of family members
environmental - peer pressure or exposure to substances
behavior - drug use
Treatment approaches based on reciprocal determinism may involve addressing both personal factors (e.g., coping skills, self-regulation) and environmental factors (e.g., social support, avoiding triggers) to help individuals overcome addictive behaviors.
Despite its benefits, having an internal locus of control may sometimes lead to this negative psychological effect, where individuals blame themselves excessively for negative outcomes.
self-doubt, self-blame, anxiety or stress
repeated stimulation leads to improved synaptic transmission and learning. This strengthening of synapses, increasing neuroplasticity
Long Term Potentiation