Ch. 8 Language
1. Individual propositions expressed by sentences of text
and
Schema-based generalizations that summarize the main ideas or gist of a story
Microproposition
and
Macroproposition
6. Single word that has multiple meanings
Polysemy
11. Why is the dance of the honeybee not considered language?
Does not use symbols to represent information
Does not use theory of mind
Does not have greater productivity or generation of novel sentences
16. When is speed reading effective?
When searching for specific information
vs.
Entails the application of tried-and-true paths to a solution to a problem
Productive Thinking
vs.
Reproductive Thinking
2. Rapid eye movement during reading
Saccade - jumps the focus of foveal vision to a new point in between fixations
7. Refers to the manner in which speakers communicate their intentions depending on social context
General term referring to the set of rules in a given language including syntax and morphology
Grammatical rules that specify how words and other morphemes are arranged
Study of meaning
Pragmatics
Grammar
Syntax
Semantics
12. Genie and other "wild children" promoted the investigation into "blank" periods.
Critical Periods of Language Development
17. Disorder of language in which speech comprehension is severely impaired and production is fluent but often meaningless
Disorder of language characterized by lack of fluency and correct grammar in speech
Wernicke's Aphasia
Broca's Aphasia
22. Problems in which the goal state, initial state, or the operators are not clearly defined
vs.
Problems in which the initial state, goal state, and operators can be stated clearly
Ill-Defined Problems
vs.
Well-Defined Problems
3. Strategy employed when a speaker restates an idea they have already mentioned before introducing a novel idea
Given-New Strategy
8. When subjects misplace the perception of auditory clicks (Garret et. al.), such as by hearing the click in between a noun and verb, this finding leads researchers to argue the existence of "blank" structure
Phrase Structure
13. An implicit contractual agreement among the participants in a conversation to cooperate
Cooperative Principle
18. Acts of genius recognized by society as having great merit
Historical Creativity
23. Four Stages of Creativity (order and identification)
Preparation - studying, learning, creating
Incubation - putting problem aside and doing other things
Illumination - insight into the problem solution
Verification - solution achieved must be fleshed out and checked
4. Finding that the more difficult section of a text requiring readers to fixate longer on the words and sentences is consistent with what assumption?
Eye-Mind Assumption
9. What evidence is supported by the existence of Chomsky's language acquisition device?
Universal Grammar
Absence of Input
(Deaf children, feral children)
14. Avg. reading time (WPM)?
250-300 WPM
1,000 WPM
19. Beginning of a problem
Solution to a problem
Legal move in solving a problem
Important intermediate states between initial and goal state
Initial State
Goal State
Operator
Subgoals
24. The nine-dot problem illustrated that people "blank"
Imposed unnecessary constraints (ill-defined problem)
5. When words and phrases of one sentence in a paragraph refer unambiguously to those in another sentence
and
Organizing topic, theme, or global structure needed for discourse comprehension
Referential Coherence
and
Global Frameworks
10. Smallest unit of speech that has meaning
Morpheme
15. Prevalence rates of dyslexia among U.S. children
5-10% of 1st-5th grade U.S. students
20. Goal-directed, methodical thinking used to solve problems
Wandering thought, as in daydreams, that may prompt a creative solution to a problem
Directed Thinking
Undirected Thinking
25. Rule of thumb that may lead to a solution with low computational cost
vs.
Rule that generates the solution to a problem, given sufficient time and effort
Heuristic
vs.
Algorithm