Mod 1: History/Evolution
The aftermath of this event caused the origination of clinical counseling
World War II
This concept suggests that we are discovering more mental illnesses as science expands
scientific discovery
This word is used to explain that although a cultural group may have a collective tendency, its individual members may vary greatly from that tendency.
Heterogeneity
This humanistic concept, coined by Carl Rogers, emphasizes the importance of unconditional acceptance and support of the client without judgement.
What is Unconditional Positive Regard?
A therapist who is blending therapeutic techniques to create a new, hybrid type of therapy is using this type of therapeutic approach
Integrative approach
Charles Spearman called this 'g'
General intelligence
This concept suggests that we are socially creating mental disorders and therefore causing an epidemic of mental illness
Social Invention
The Etic and Emic perspective differ in these ways
Etic= similarities between people, universality, objective
Emic= culture-specific norms, cultural groups "must be understood on their own terms", subjective
These are the differences between efficacy and effectiveness
Efficacy= extent that psychotherapy works in controlled research setting
Effectiveness= extent that psychotherapy works in real world
A therapist who is selecting the best treatment based on empirical data is using this type of therapeutic approach
Eclectic Therapy
How did the 1850s categorization of mental illness as "neurosis" or "psychosis" differentiated between the two?
Neurosis= psychiatric symptoms, still in touch with reality (modern anxiety/depression)
Psychosis= break from reality, hallucinations, delusions, etc.
The three-legged stool approach to manualized therapy emphasizes the importance of these three components
research on the treatment, clinicians' knowledge and capability, client qualities
These are comments or actions made in a cross-cultural context that convey prejudicial, negative, or stereotypical beliefs and may suggest dominance or superiority of one group over another
Microaggressions
This is the strong relationship between therapist and client that is essential to psychotherapeutic outcomes
Therapeutic Alliance
Ogle's Three Stage Sequential Model of Common Factors emphasizes these:
1. Support factors
2. Learning factors
3. Action factors
Emil Kraeplin's 2-Category System of Mental Illness classified mental illness as these two types of disorders, depending on their cause
Endogenous Disorders and Exogenous Disorders
The APA code of ethics is split into these two categories, of broad general principles and specific ethical standards respectively
Aspirational and enforceable
These are the three levels to the Tripartite Model of Personal Identity
- individual
- group
- universal
These are the 5 stages of change
2. Contemplation
3. Preparation
4. Action
5. Maintenance
The Dodo Bird Verdict= All the different psychotherapies (psychoanalysis, humanism, behaviorism, CBT, etc) work equally well due to common factors amongst them all
This is the difference between clinical psychology and counseling psychology
clinical treats psychopathologies
counseling helps with adjustments
This model for approaching ethical dilemmas has 7 steps:
1. Commit to doing what is ethically appropriate
2. Consult APA ethical code, legal and colleagues
3. Perspective of those affected by your actions
4. Consider alternatives
5. Select and implement the course of action
6. Monitor and evaluate effectiveness of course of action
7. Modify and continue to evaluate plan as necessary
Fisher's (2003) Model for Ethical Decision Making
This has been considered the "fourth force" of the clinical/counseling field
Multiculturalism
This is statistically combining the results of many different studies to create numerical representations of the effects of psychotherapy
Meta-analysis
The case of Tatiana Tarasoff led to this rule, which applies to therapists and varies from state to state
This is statistically combining the results of many different studies to create numerical representations of the effects of psychotherapy
Duty to Warn and Duty to Protect
Meta-analysis