EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION
What term describes social expectations that influence when, where, and how people express emotions?
What are emotional display rules?
What brain structure is frequently associated with processing emotionally significant information and has been extensively studied in fear research?
What is the amygdala?
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system mobilizes bodily resources during stress and prepares the body for action?
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
What developmental process occurs when an infant looks to another person's emotional cues to help interpret an uncertain situation?
What is social referencing?
Which researchers applied attachment theory to adult romantic relationships and examined patterns commonly described as secure, avoidant, and anxious or ambivalent?
Who are Cindy Hazan and Phillip Shaver?
What system, developed by Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen, identifies observable facial muscle movements using action units?
What is the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)?
What brain imaging technique measures changes in blood oxygenation associated with neural activity?
What is functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)?
What physiological measure assesses changes in skin conductance associated with sweat gland activity?
What is electrodermal activity?
What is the term for the process through which a caregiver helps a child manage emotional states before the child can fully regulate them independently?
What is co-regulation?
In Gottman's research on relationship conflict, what destructive interaction pattern involves attacking a partner's character rather than addressing a specific behaviour?
What is criticism?
According to Darwin's evolutionary account, why have some emotional expressions persisted across generations?
Because they served adaptive functions that supported survival, communication, or other evolutionary advantages.
What is the term for the mistake of inferring that a particular psychological process is occurring simply because a brain region associated with that process is active?
What is reverse inference?
What hormone is commonly measured in saliva when researchers investigate the body's stress response?
What is cortisol?
According to socioemotional selectivity theory, what change helps explain why people may increasingly prioritize emotionally meaningful goals as they age?
A perceived reduction in their future time horizon, or a perception that their remaining time is more limited.
According to the self expansion model, how can couples help maintain relationship vitality and closeness through their shared experiences?
By engaging in novel and challenging activities that expand their experiences and sense of self.
An employee feels frustrated with a customer but maintains a friendly expression because their workplace expects them to appear pleasant. What concept does this illustrate?
What is emotional labour?
What brain structure helps regulate internal physiological conditions and coordinates behaviours related to basic biological needs?
What is the hypothalamus?
What are the three stages of Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome?
What are alarm, resistance, and exhaustion?
Adolescents may take greater risks when their peers are present. What developmental factors help explain this pattern?
The interaction of reward sensitivity, social context, and developing cognitive control and self-regulation.
A person sees someone suffering but becomes so overwhelmed by their own discomfort that they withdraw rather than help. What type of empathic response does this illustrate?
What is personal distress?
Research suggests that people across cultures share some ability to recognize emotional expressions, but cultural differences also exist. Identify one factor that helps explain these cultural differences.
What are cultural display rules, social expectations, or learned conventions about emotional expression?
A researcher observes amygdala activation when participants view fearful faces and concludes that the amygdala is exclusively responsible for fear. What is the main problem with this conclusion?
It is an example of reverse inference. Activation in a brain region does not establish that the region is exclusively responsible for a particular psychological process.
Two people experience similar increases in heart rate before giving a presentation. One interprets the experience as excitement, while the other interprets it as anxiety. What concept helps explain why similar physiological arousal can be associated with different emotional experiences?
What is cognitive appraisal?
A longitudinal study finds that sensitive caregiving during infancy is associated with better emotional regulation later in childhood. Why can the researchers not automatically conclude that sensitive caregiving caused the improvement?
Because correlation does not establish causation. Other variables, such as child characteristics, genetics, or environmental influences, may contribute to the association.
According to Sara Algoe's theory of gratitude in relationships, what three functions are captured by the phrase "find, remind, and bind"?
Gratitude can help people find valuable relationship partners, remind them of the value of existing relationships, and bind people more closely together.