Personality Stability, Development, & Change
What is a well-known issue with cross-sectional methodology?
A. the length of time it takes to collect data from each and every age group
B. the possibility that cohort differences determine differences between age groups
C. the difficulty in obtaining data from each and every age group
D. the possibility that one group is overrepresented in the study
B. the possibility that cohort differences determine differences between age groups
Toni forgot the day of his final exam and therefore did not complete it. The idea that Toni’s behavior was not an accident and instead had a direct cause is the idea of
A. unconditional positive regard.
B. mental causality.
C. psychic determinism.
D. libidinal functionalism.
C. psychic determinism.
Behaviorism is rooted in the basic principle that all behavior
A. stems from environmental influences.
B. is phenomenological.
C. can be revealed through psychoanalysis.
D. is a result of the personality traits.
A. stems from environmental influences.
George is a generally positive person that demonstrates a high degree of self-control. According to the text, which of the following is George MOST likely to have?
A. a good job
B. a clean house
C. good relationships
D. strong musical talent
C. good relationships
According to the textbook, one purpose of the DSM is to _______________, and a second is to _______________.
A. make psychiatric diagnosis more objective; guide research on disorders
B. make psychiatric diagnosis more objective; facilitate insurance billing
C. guide research on disorders; facilitate biological research on disorders
D. facilitate genetic research on disorders; make psychiatric diagnosis more objective
B. make psychiatric diagnosis more objective; facilitate insurance billing
According to psychologist Ravenna Helson, someone who stays “on time” in relation to their social clock
A. receives social approval.
B. feels no different than someone who is “behind.”
C. receives social shaming.
D. feels as if they have not “lived.”
A. receives social approval.
Freud often developed his theories based on his experiences with patients. Why was this method criticized?
A. His critics were often too specific to individual cases and were not generalizable to others.
B. Because of the patients’ privacy, other scientists could never verify the details of his case studies.
C. The majority of his patients were women and thus biased against men.
D. Modern psychoanalytic therapy is very different from Freud’s psychoanalytic theory.
B. Because of the patients’ privacy, other scientists could never verify the details of his case studies.
Social learning theory arose to correct several shortcomings of orthodox behaviorism; specifically social learning theorists argue that behaviorism ignores
A. personality, identity, and individualism.
B. motivation, thought, and emotion.
C. both positive and negative emotion.
D. goals, life stories, and personality traits.
B. motivation, thought, and emotion.
According to evolutionary theory, a woman’s greatest worry is that
A. her partner won’t make as much money in the future as he previously did.
B. her partner will have a sexual relationship with another person.
C. her partner will form an emotional bond with another person.
D. she will be forced to raise her partner’s children from a previous relationship.
C. her partner will form an emotional bond with another person.
The controversy around the DSM revolved around different viewpoints from _______________ and _______________.
A. personality psychologists; social psychologists
B. professional psychologists; the public
C. “old guard” clinicians; scientifically oriented psychologists
D. politicians; scientists
C. “old guard” clinicians; scientifically oriented psychologists
As the author of one’s own autobiography, one forms a(n)
A. sense of purpose.
B. well-rounded personality.
C. intellectual identity.
D. narrative identity.
D. narrative identity.
According to the text, the four key ideas of psychoanalytic theory are
A. internal structure, mental energy, psychic conflict, and psychic determinism.
B. internal structure, mental energy, psychic conflict, and unconscious motives.
C. internal structure, mental energy, psychic determinism, and unconscious motives.
D. mental energy, psychic conflict, psychic determinism, and unconscious motives.
A. internal structure, mental energy, psychic conflict, and psychic determinism.
Your _______________ is how you see yourself, whereas your _______________ is what you think you are capable of accomplishing.
A. self-concept; reputation
B. self-concept; self-efficacy
C. reputation, self-efficacy
D. self-efficacy; self-concept
B. self-concept; self-efficacy
According to evolutionary theory, a man’s greatest worry is that
A. his partner will leave him for another person.
B. he is not the biological father of the children that he is supporting.
C. his partner will form an emotional bond with another person.
D. his partner will share resources with another person.
B. he is not the biological father of the children that he is supporting.
What is a major difference between the DSM-IV-TR and the research-based section of the DSM-5?
A. The DSM-IV-TR cluster categorization system has been deleted.
B. The antisocial and narcissistic disorders have been deleted.
C. The DSM-IV-TR is much more concise and, therefore, much more reliable.
D. The new DSM-5 is a lot less technical and is meant to be understood by the general public.
A. The DSM-IV-TR cluster categorization system has been deleted.
Over the last 10 years, Angelica has become more agreeable, conscientious, and emotionally stable. What principle best describes Angelica’s development?
A. cumulative continuity
B. maturity
C. plasticity
D. social investment
B. maturity
What is the current status of Freud’s idea that psychic energy is limited?
A. This idea has withstood the test of time and empirical scrutiny.
B. The newer idea suggests it is the mind’s processing capacity rather than psychic energy that is limited.
C. No research has tested this idea, so little can be said about it.
D. This is an idea that trained psychoanalysts tend to reject but academic researchers tend to favor.
B. The newer idea suggests it is the mind’s processing capacity rather than psychic energy that is limited.
The idea that, in time, you can get used to almost anything is associated with which learning mechanism?
A. habituation
B. classical conditioning
C. operant conditioning
D. respondent conditioning
A. habituation
Ben is often seen as arrogant and disagreeable yet also emotionally fragile and insecure. For what trait does Ben likely score high?
A. emotional instability
B. dispositional contempt
C. high self-monitoring
D. introversion
B. dispositional contempt
People who have ego-syntonic personality disorders
A. are acutely aware of their disorder.
B. lose their identities.
C. are low in ego control and ego resiliency.
D. do not think anything is wrong.
D. do not think anything is wrong.
Longitudinal studies survey _______________, whereas cross-sectional studies survey _______________.
A. the same people over time; people at different ages
B. older participants; younger participants
C. people at different ages; the sample people over time
D. younger participants; older participants
A. the same people over time; people at different ages
The genital character type
A. tends to be sexually promiscuous.
B. is dependent on other people.
C. is psychologically well adjusted.
D. operates according to the pleasure principle.
C. is psychologically well adjusted.
Which of the following is NOT an example of classical conditioning?
A. avoiding a meal that caused you to have food poisoning in the past
B. experiencing nostalgia when visiting a previous residence
C. not studying for an exam because of many previous failed attempts
D. rewarding a dog for good behavior with a treat
D. rewarding a dog for good behavior with a treat
Which of the following is NOT listed in your text as a relationship deal-breaker?
A. dispositional contempt
B. rejection sensitivity
C. untrustworthiness
D. obsessive-compulsiveness
D. obsessive-compulsiveness
Greg is often characterized as “marching to a different drummer” or acting original and somewhat idiosyncratically. What is an exaggerated version of Greg’s tendencies?
A. schizotypal
B. obsessive-compulsive
C. borderline
D. histrionic
A. schizotypal