Module 1
What anatomical term indicates a location towards the midline of the body?
What is medial.
NMDA and AMPA receptors are crucial for what process in learning and memory?
What is long-term potentiation.
Down Syndrome is a result of a duplication of what chromosome?
What is chromosome 21.
Malignant tumors lack this feature and are able to infiltrate other tissues by means of metastasis.
What is encapsulation.
What hallmark brain anomaly can be seen using MRI in people with schizophrenia?
What are enlarged ventricles.
People who abuse opiates intravenously are at a substantially higher risk for contracting which two diseases?
What are hepatitis and HIV.
Who proposed the theory of the "fight or flight" response?
Who is Walter Canon?
Taking a drug to relieve symptoms of withdrawal is an example of what?
What is negative reinforcement.
What are the current lifetime prevalence rates of PTSD in the United States versus other developed countries?
What is 8.7% and 0.5-1%.
What feature of a drug would allow it to cross the blood brain barrier more rapidly?
What is lipid solubility
Osmometric thirst is triggered by what stimulus?
What is loss of interstitial volume.
This type of division produces a brain cell and a progenitor cell.
What is asymmetrical division.
A seizure will cause convulsions if neurons of this brain region are involved.
What is the motor cortex.
Hallucinations are an example of what kind of symptom in Schizophrenia?
What are positive symptoms.
What brain region is associated with the analgesic affects of opiate use?
What is the periaqueductal gray matter.
Neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus mediate the activity of what system?
What is the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA axis).
Long-term drug use can result in damage to what cortical region?
What is the prefrontal cortex.
What is anticipatory anxiety.
What type of axons travel towards the brain and what type of information do they carry?
What are afferent nerves and sensory information.
What region of the brain is involved in aggressive attack, predation and the regulation of pain?
What is the periaqueductal gray matter.
What is phenylketonuria.
This contagious neurological disorder is characterized by an accumulation of misfolded proteins.
What is transmissible spongiform encephalopathy.
Which seasons are associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia?
What are winter and spring.
Treatment of opiate abuse using this drug increases the opiate level in the brain slowly and does not produce a high.
What is Methadone.
The hypothalamus and sympathetic nervous system stimulate the adrenal medulla to release what substances in a stress response?
What is epinephrine and norepinephrine.
What neurotransmitter system does cocaine act on?
What are monoamines.
Genetic studies suggest that the genes that encode this protein are involved in anxiety disorders.
What is BDNF.
What was the name of the first psychology textbook?
What is Principles of Physiological Psychology.
What amplitude do theta waves oscillate at?
What is 3.5-7.5 Hz.
This process during neurodevelopment serves to terminate the action of progenitor cells.
What is apoptosis.
During ischemia, the excessive release of this neurotransmitter causes increased stimulation of this receptor, which results in excitotoxic effects.
What is glutamate and NMDA receptors.
What is the term that describes beliefs that are contrary to fact?
What are delusions.
Which opiate receptors are agonists?
What are μ and d opiate receptors.
What term refers to the cumulative and collective wear and tear on body systems when there is too much stress response?
What is allostatic load?
Genetic studies in alcohol abuse have shown that a gene that regulates the production of this enzyme may play a role in susceptibility.
What is dehydrogenase?
Which brain regions exerts inhibitory effects on the amygdala and aides in evaluating the context of emotional stimuli?
What is the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.
Which ancient Greek scholar considered the function of the brain as important for cooling the excitement of the heart.
Who is Aristotle.
Damage to this brain region will abolish sexual behavior in male rats.
What is the medial preoptic area.
What is the first symptom to emerge in Autism Spectrum Disorder?
What is avoidance of eye contact.
The presence of Lewy Bodies in Parkinson's Disease is a hallmark feature, which results from the accumulation of what protein in dopaminergic neurons?
What is α-synuclein.
The belief that someone is plotting against them is an example of what type of delusion?
What is persecution.
What brain regions are associated with the reinforcing affects of opiate use?
What is the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens.
Long-term exposure to glucocorticoids destroys neurons located in what brain region?
What is the hippocampal formation.
Drugs stimulate the release of what neurotransmitter and in what brain region?
What is dopamine in the nucleus accumbens.
What is the name of the enzyme implicated in PTSD that destroys catecholamines present in the interstitial fluid?
What is COMT.