Attention
Language
More on Language Disorders
More Practice for YOU!
100
Where is the "What" pathway (i.e., object recognition) of attention located, and where is the "Where" pathway (i.e., spatial vision) of attention located?
The "What" = Temporal lobe and "Where" = Parietal lobe.
100
What's the importance of Broca's area and where is it located?
Broca's area is important for language, particularly the expression or articulation of language, and it's located on the ventral portion of the frontal lobe, just dorsal to the temporal lobe.
100
What are the two most common types of primary aphasia, and what are their typical effects on language?
Broca's aphasia - associated with difficulties in expressing/articulating (output) of language (even sign language and writing) and Wernicke's aphasia - associated with difficulties in comprehending (receiving) language.
100
True or False: You can read language if you have Pure Word Deafness.
TRUE.
200
In the experiments with macaque monkeys, did parietal cell response increase during simple fixation or foveal fixation? Why?
Parietal cell response increased during foveal fixation because the monkeys were required to pay attention to the stimulus (doesn't increase simply when stimulus is present).
200
What is the purpose of Wernicke's area, where is it located, and how is it connected to Broca's area?
Wernicke's area is most responsible for the comprehension of language; it is located just dorsal and posterior to the temporal lobe; it's connected to Broca's area through the arcuate fasciculus (a bundle of axons).
200
What type of aphasia is characterized as a disconnection between Broca's area and Wernicke's area? And what band of axons is damaged?
Conduction aphasia is the disconnect between the posterior Wernicke's area and the anterior Broca's area from damage/disconnect of the ARCURATE FASCICULUS. Patient can understand language, though has difficulty producing spontaneous speech and repeating speech.
200
What term is used to describe the inability to name objects?
Anomia.
300
Which areas of the brain are responsible for attention to color, shape, and motion?
Color = V4, Shape = Temporal lobe, and Motion = MT.
300
What is an aphasia?
An aphasia is a broad term to describe several language disorders resulting from damage to a variety of locations in the brain (e.g., Broca's area, Wernicke's area, arcuate fasciculus).
300
Is transcortical motor aphasia considered a primary or secondary aphasia?
Secondary. It is a disorder of the motor areas, not one of the (primary) language areas.
300
If there is damage to Broca's area, what types of words are likely to be lost first?
Verbs (i.e., action words) (And then also propositions, such as: of, then, to)
400
What is hemispatial neglect syndrome, and what happens when you have it?
It is the failure to process/perceive stimuli on one side of the body (often the left, due to damage to the right parietal lobe) - if you have it, you cannot dedicate attention (i.e., perceive or express) to things on one side of your visual field (think of patients drawing a clock that only has numbers on the right side of the face, or only half of a house)
400
What are the two principal categories of aphasia, and what's the difference between the two?
Primary and Secondary aphasias. Primary aphasias result from damage to parts of the brain that are directly related to language comprehension and articulation (e.g., Broca's or Wernicke's areas) as well as parts of the brain distally associated with language (e.g., pre-central gyrus for movement). Secondary Aphasias are due to damage of areas not associated with language, such as other parts of the brain as well as parts of the PNS and even the body. (Distinctions between primary/secondary aphasias will NOT be on the final...)
400
True or False: Damage to the middle central artery can cause problems in almost all processing centers for language.
TRUE Damage to MCA can lead to global aphasia
400
What are the 3 principal types of attention? What are the 3 areas of the brain responsible for selective attention network?
Passive, Selective, and Divided. The areas of the brain responsible for the selective attention network are: The DLPFC (dorso-lateral pre-frontal cortex), the Anterior Cingulate, and the Posterior Parietal Cortex
500
What is the name of the syndrome that refers to symptoms associated with inability to see the entire visual field or attention devoted to one object at a time?
Balint's Syndrome
500
What is the Connectionist Model and why has it been criticized?
The Connectionist Model suggests that specific parts of the brain are responsible for specific language functions; thus, damage each part of the brain will have specific outcomes for language. Additionally, damage to earlier portions of language chain (e.g., acquisition/perception, comprehension, or expression) will lead to deficits in later parts of the chain. It has been criticized as too simplistic and too localizationist.
500
Pure Word Deafness results from disconnection between the left hemisphere and what important part(s) of the brain.
The Primary Auditory Cortex and the Thalamus (AND the Corpus Callosum!) Patients can still hear sounds - auditory information still reaches the non-dominant (right) hemisphere, though language comprehension, which resides on the left hemisphere, is cut off. For this disorder, the corpus callosum must also be severed, not allowing information to travel to the other lobe of the brain.
500
Why is damage to the left hemisphere less likely to cause right hemispatial neglect?
Processing for the right field of vision often takes place in both hemispheres - more processing coverage of right field of vision (There is essentially a dual-representation of the right visual field in the brain, both in the left and right visual cortices, while the left visual field is only represented in the right lobe) (ALSO: Remember studies on right vs left handed individuals.)
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