Ch.6: Surveys & Observations
A survey question that asks two questions in one, leading to issues in construct validity.
What is a double-barreled question?
When participants select themselves to be a part of a study.
What is self-selection?
What is 30 participants?
The variable that predicts another variable in a multiple regression analysis.
What is a predictor variable?
A variable that an experimenter holds constant on purpose.
What is a control variable?
Participants who respond "yes" or "strongly agree" to every item in a survey.
What is acquiescence?
Researchers asking participants to recommend people they know to participate in their study.
What is snowball sampling?
A variable that changes the relationship between two variables.
What is a moderator (moderating variable)?
A variable that explains why two variables are related.
What is a mediator (mediating variable)?
A cue that leads participants to guess the experimenter's hypothesis.
What is a demand characteristic?
When an observer inadvertently changes the behavior of those they are observing.
What are observer (expectancy) effects?
Randomly selecting every 6th person in a population.
What is systematic sampling?
A relationship between two variables that exists, but is not linear.
What is a curvilinear relationship?
A multivariate design that runs a variety of correlational studies that all point in a single causal direction.
What is the pattern and parsimony approach?
A technique to avoid order effects (e.g., carryover effects, practice effects) in within-groups designs.
What is counterbalancing?
Research designs where neither the participants nor the researchers are aware of which condition participants are assigned to.
What is a double-masked (blind) design?
The validity that is most important when making a frequency claim.
What is external validity?
The only criteria for causation that correlational research studies meet.
What is covariance?
A coefficient that shows the relationship between the predictor and criterion variables when other predictor variables are controlled for and is interpreted similarly to the correlation coefficient r.
What is coefficient beta (β)?
When systematic differences between groups exist, not because of the successful manipulation of the IV, but because of preexisting differences or confounds.
What is a selection effect?
Three ways to prevent socially desirable responding in your survey.
What are participant anonymity/confidentiality, conducting an online survey, and having participants respond quickly?
A random sampling technique that purposefully selects demographic categories and randomly selects from each.
What is stratified random sampling?
A correlation coefficient r of -0.31.
What is a negative moderate correlation?
The only causal criteria that longitudinal studies do not meet.
What is internal validity?
Two techniques to avoid selection effects.
What is random assignment and matched groups?
The six questions to assess the statistical validity of association claims.
What are: (1) How strong is the relationship? (2) How precise is the point estimate? (3) Are there any outliers? (4) Has the finding been replicated? (5) Is there restriction of range? (6) Is the association curvilinear?