Sensation & Perception
The process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory information to transform it into meaningful objects and events.
What is perception?
The big 5 personality traits.
OCEAN: Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
What types of memory are implicit?
-- Classical conditioning
--motor and cognitive skills/procedural memory
--space/time/frequency (e.g., where you ate dinner yesterday)
Damage to Broca's area causes:
difficulty producing fluent speech (fluent aphasia)
The inability to form new memories after an injury.
What is anterograde amnesia?
The smallest amount of a stimulus a person can detect is called the ______.
What is the absolute threshold?
The structure of the mind, according to Freud, had these 3 parts.
Id - primitive instincts/desires (devil on your shoulder)
Ego - Mediator between id & reality
Superego - Moral conscience & ideals (angel on your shoulder)
Remembering the first and last items in a list best demonstrates this effect.
What is the serial position effect?
What are the four abilities in emotional intelligence?
Perceiving emotions
Understanding emotions
Managing emotions
Using emotions
What is collectivism?
Prioritizes the goals of the group (extended family or work group) and defines identity accordingly --> varies across and within cultures
What is Weber's Law?
JND of stimulus is a constant proportion regardless of intensity
How do we assess personality?
Self-report, MMPI-3 (both forced-choice personality inventories)
These brain structures play a large role in the formation of implicit memories.
What are the cerebellum & basal ganglia?
What is heritability?
- Portion of variation among people in a group that can be attributed to genes
- higher values mean genetics explains more of the variation --> heritability of 0.80 for human height = 80% of the differences in height between people in that population are from genetic differences, while remaining 20% are from environmental factors
Estimates of heritability of intelligence average about _____%?
50%
Damage to the bones of the middle ear can cause this type of hearing loss.
What are Eysenck's two personality dimensions?
Stable/unstable & introverted/extroverted
Remembering where you were when a major event happened is known as a ____.
What is a flashbulb memory?
The tendency to rely on immediate examples that come to mind.
What is the availability heuristic?
What are some losses and gains in intelligence as we age?
- Recall memory and processing speed decline
-Vocabulary and knowledge are gained
- Crystallized intelligence (Gc) increases
- Fluid intelligence (Gf) may decline, but social reasoning skills may increase
Cones are located in this part of the eye.
In and around the fovea, center of the retina
What is reciprocal determinism?
Interacting influences of behavior, cognition, and environment (think of rock-climbing example from lecture)
When new information interferes with old information.
What is retroactive interference?
Gardner proposed that intelligence is made up of multiple types, including ___.
What is: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic
Define linguistic determinism (AKA, Whorfian hypothesis)
Language determines thought and restricts what speakers can perceive or conceive --> words for snow, for example.