Theory of Mind
It is a piece of evidence that even very young infants are socially motivated.
What is neonatal imitation?
OR
What is early imitation? (of actions)
If you want to know about this feature of children's bias, just ask them directly who they like.
What is explicit bias?
This is a piece of evidence that IQ differences *are* related to genetics.
What is identical twins > others in correlation?
OR
What is twins > others in correlation?
OR
What is siblings > others in correlation?
This *specific* behavior suggests that the drive to help other people emerges quite early in life.
What is helping an experimenter pick up their dropped object?
OR
What is opening a bookcase for an experimenter?
When children are deciding whether they want to learn from a person or a robot, they pay attention to this feature.
What is past accuracy?
(Reminder, accuracy matters *more* for robots)
This is the TASK and AGE at which people begin to understand that people might have different desires than their own.
What is the Brocccoli-Goldfish test at 18-months old?
This is how you would describe the developmental trajectory (change across age) in White people's implicit racial bias.
What is stable?
OR
What is flat?
Among children in the poorest families, the proportion of differences in IQ that can be explained based on genes is approximately ____.
What is 0%?
(Answers will be accepted if less than ~20%, or say very small)
When children say "that's not fair" after getting less, they may actually be experiencing this emotion (rather than caring about "fairness").
What is envy?
When children experience a communicative breakdown with a voice assistant, they are likely to resolve it by trying this strategy.
What is accomodating?
(They just go with the misinterpretation and move on)
Manipulating this feature of a puzzle box allows researchers to determine whether a species is really *over*-imitating.
What is opacity?
(Chimps imitate, but only on opaque boxes, not transparent ones)
Showing that White children in diverse schools are less likely to interpret ambiguous actions of Black characters as negative is an example that ____ can influence the development of bias.
What is contact?
OR
What is outgroup contact?
Interventions attempting to increase cognitive performance among the poorest children should consider focusing on this period of life.
What is infancy?
OR
What is the first three years?
If you want to get 3-year-olds to care about merit when deciding how to give out resources, consider doing this.
What is use resources that cannot be given out equally?
In this picture-viewing procedure, children and adults are more attentive to natural kinds (animals, people) than objects.
What is change blindness?
(Faster + more accurate for natural kinds)
This task helps researchers determine that lower performance on the Sally-Anne task in children with ASD is *really* due to issues with thinking about minds.
What is the False Photograph test?
Findings that Hispanic children display less own-group preference when their group is paired with "White" than "Black" is evidence that _____ influences the development of bias?
What is status?
OR
What is relative group status?
This is a likely reason why 7-year-old boys want to play the "Smart" game, but 7-year-old girls are less interested.
What is development of the stereotype that boys are smarter/more innately brilliant?
This is one challenge to Piaget and Kohlbergs' stage theories of moral development
What is kids don't care about all rules equally?
OR
What is even adults are not very rational?
OR
What is infants understand intentions?
Many AIs (including LLMs) are built by pattern-finding, with training reinforcing some patterns more than others. This is an example of which major type of learning?
What is domain general?
OR
What is associative?
This term describes why children may fail explicit false belief tasks while infants can pass looking time false belief tasks.
What is competence vs. performance?
Parents often use this type of language when talking about social groups with their children. Doing so may lead to more essentialism/bias.
What is generic language?
(E.g., Zarpies hate ice cream; Boys like basketball)
This is one way to make children who would have otherwise shown high levels of delay of gratification decide to actually eat the marshmallow.
What is place them in an unreliable environment?
The findings from this study suggested that infants' preferences for helpers may not be as strong or reliably present as earlier research suggested.
What is ManyBabies?
OR
What is big-data replication?
On this aspect of the animate vs. inanimate categorization, adults and children differ in how they categorize robots.
What is being a social partner?