Concepts
True or False? A carrot is statistically more “vegetable-ly” than a pumpkin based on categorization reaction time.
True! A result of the prototype effect: a carrot more matches the prototype for vegetables. Correlates with number of “features” shared with other category members, reaction times, order of learning in development, and linguistic hedges (ex. Strictly speaking, technically, etc).
True or False? Language is hierarchical, meaning the power of the person speaking correlates to the idea’s being perceived.
False. Hierarchical language refers to parts of language increasing in complexity and building off of one another. Phonemes → Morphemes → Word → Phrase → Sentence
This type of mental representation has an arbitrary relationship to the structure of the environment.
What is propositional representation?
This heuristic explains why people overestimate death by homicide but underestimate death by suicide.
What is the availability heuristic?
The hybrid theory of concepts was developed to fill the gaps between prototype and classical theory. In the hybrid theory, ____ theory is used for quick judgements, while the ___ theory is used to “technically” judge something
Prototype; Classical
What is the difference between a category and a concept?
A category is a set of things in the world that are treated equivalently for some purpose. A concept is often hard to define on its own, mostly understood by how it relates to other concepts, the idea in your head of what something is.
When hearing sentences in foreign language, what is revealed about speech segmentation?
Words have no clear boundaries! We use inference processes and context to interpret where speech is suppose to be segmented
This psychologist championed analog/image-based representations as the driver of mental imagery.
Who is Stephen Kosslyn?
What is anchoring?
Linguistic Determinism states that language _____ thought, while linguistic relativity states that language ____ thought.
Determines; Shapes
When discussing experimental studies of concept learning, is the “black or crosses” criteria a conjunctive or disjunctive concept?
Disjunctive Concept – making it harder to learn. A Conjunctive concept would be “solid and two borders” – easier to learn
Explain how syntax is different from semantics
Syntax is the rules for combining words, while semantics is the literal meaning produced.
This condition sits at the opposite end of the imagery spectrum from eidetic memory, and refers to a lacking capacity for visualization.
What is aphantasia?
According to prospect theory, does losing $50 feel better or worse than gaining $50, and what is this concept?
Losing feels worse due to loss aversion
Damage to Broca’s area leads to impaired _____, while damage to Wernicke’s area leads to impaired _____
Speech production (intact language comprehension); Comprehension (language production is intact but nonsensical)
Vocabulary growth and meaning of concepts are basically the same in sighted children vs. congenitally blind children. What ideas support the network of concepts?
Network of concepts is learned together rather than each one mapping to a particular past experience. Blind children and sighted children have remarkably difference past experiences, so concepts must be learned in terms of one another
Ariana asked Rob how to bake a dot cake. Rob responded “the oven”. Which Gricean Maxim is Rob violating?
Maxim of Manner - be intelligible. Rob’s answer is too brief and very ambiguous. He offers practically no information to Ariana.
In Kosslyn's 1975 study, participants were faster to answer "does a rabbit have two front paws?" when the rabbit was imagined next to this animal.
What is a fly?
In the Wason card task, most people flip E and 6, but the logically correct cards to flip are these two.
What are E and 7?
In the framing experiment, when a disease program was described in terms of lives ________, people preferred the sure option, but when framed in terms of ________, people preferred the gamble.
saved, lost (deaths)
I woke up this morning and my kind roommate brought me a hot beverage in my mug most often used to wake yourself up. I pointed at the mug, but couldn’t quite find the words to say what it was. The word was on the tip of my tongue. What disorder do I have?
Anomia - brain damage that impairs access to concepts
Compare the arguments for the empiricism and nativism theories of language development
Nativism argues poverty of stimulus (input isn’t rich enough to acquire all the rules) and lack of negative evidence. Empiricism argues that positive evidence is enough and computational models can learn from it!
Criminal minds detective Spencer Reid has this ability to recall an image, sound, or object with extreme precision after only a brief exposure?
What is eidetic memory?
Patients with damage to this brain region continued choosing from the bad decks in the Iowa Gambling Task, unlike healthy controls.
ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)
The mammography problem demonstrates base rate neglect: even though a positive result sounds alarming, the true probability of cancer given a positive mammogram is only ~8% because the ________ of breast cancer in women at 40 is just 1%.
Base rate (prior probability / prevalence)