Rings a Bell
In respondent conditioning, this type of stimulus initially elicits no response prior to conditioning.
What is a neutral stimulus (NS)?
This rule of thumb states that an operational definition of behavior should describe an active response rather than an absence of movement.
What is the Dead Man’s Test?
This core scientific attitude posits that the universe is a lawful and orderly place where all phenomena occur as a result of other events.
What is determinism?
This type of reinforcer (such as food or water) requires no learning history to effectively strengthen behavior.
What is an unconditioned (or primary) reinforcer?
In this operant contingency, a behavior results in the termination or removal of an currently ongoing aversive stimulus.
What is escape behavior?
This phenomenon occurs when a conditioned response re-emerges after a rest period following respondent extinction, despite no additional CS-US pairings.
What is spontaneous recovery?
This single-subject design demonstrates experimental control by introducing the independent variable sequentially across different behaviors, subjects, or settings.
What is a multiple baseline design?
This philosophical stance, championed by B.F. Skinner, includes private events (like thoughts and feelings) within the realm of the science of behavior.
What is radical behaviorism?
Also known as "Grandma’s Rule," this principle states that access to a high-probability behavior can reinforce engagement in a low-probability behavior.
What is the Premack Principle?
In this operant contingency, a behavior prevents or postpones the presentation of an upcoming aversive stimulus altogether.
What is avoidance behavior?
This classical conditioning phenomenon is a notable exception to typical temporal pairing rules because it can occur with a long delay and after only a single trial.
What is conditioned taste aversion?
Studies of this design type demonstrate treatment effectiveness by showing stepwise changes in behavior that closely follow systematically adjusted criteria.
What is a changing-criterion design?
This circular concept relies on a fictitious inner entity (such as "intelligence" or "willpower") to explain the very behavior that was used to infer the entity in the first place.
What is an explanatory fiction (or mentalism)? Tautology?
Money and praise are classic examples of this type of reinforcer, which maintains its effectiveness across varied states of deprivation because it has been paired with many other reinforcers.
What is a generalized conditioned reinforcer?
This phenomenon occurs when exposure to inescapable, unpreventable aversive events impairs an organism's ability to learn escape or avoidance responses later.
What is learned helplessness?
This approach of combining relaxation with a hierarchy of fear-producing stimuli can be used to treat phobias.
What is systematic desensitization (exposure therapy)?
This dimensional quantity measures the amount of time that elapses between the onset of a stimulus and the initiation of a response.
What is latency?
This canon of science dictates that when multiple explanations are available, scientists should default to the simplest logical explanation.
What is parsimony?
This method is used to identify which stimuli are likely to function as positive reinforcers by having an individual rank or choose from an array of stimuli or activities.
What is a preference assessment?
Introducing a positive punisher at a low magnitude and slowly escalating its intensity over time typically leads to this behavioral phenomenon, making the target response resistant to suppression.
What is habituation (or punishment tolerance/adaptation)?
This process involves pairing a conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus to create a second CS without ever using the original unconditioned stimulus.
What is higher-order (or second-order) conditioning?
Draw it! This ABAB reversal design shows the repeated alternation of baseline and intervention conditions.
What is a reversal design?
This branch of behavior analysis focuses specifically on basic laboratory research in controlled environments to discover fundamental learning laws.
What is the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)?
This antecedent intervention involves delivering a reinforcer on a time-based schedule independent of the individual's behavior, thereby reducing motivation to engage in problem behavior.
What is Non-Contingent Reinforcement (NCR)?
In the Two-Factor Theory of Avoidance, these two behavioral processes are involved.
What is respondent conditioning and operant conditioning (escape)?