Goals of Science & Variables
A researcher trying to understand how the receptors in the eye work is doing this kind of research
What is "Basic Research"
The extent to which the findings of a study can be generalized or applied to other situations, people, settings, and measures
What is External Validity
The average value in the dataset
The type of hypothesis that predicts no significant differences
What is the null hypothesis
Rerunning the exact same study
What is a direct replication
A researcher who claims that high school GPA can serve as a basis for future college success likely adheres to this goal of science:
What is prediction.
Samson found no significant difference between musicians and athletes and their scores of working memory. Would this be considered “rejecting the null hypothesis” or “failing to reject the null hypothesis?”
What is "failing to reject the null hypothesis"
A frequency graph that has most of the data clustered to the right would have this type of skew:
What is a negative skew
A researcher divides students into groups based on their major (e.g., Psychology, Biology, Business), and then randomly selects an equal number of students from each to participate. They are likely using this sampling method:
What is cluster sampling
The process of providing participants with a full explanation of the study's purpose, procedures, and any deception used, after their participation is complete
What is Debriefing
The variable that the experimenter manipulates
What is independent variable (IV)
Trent is examining if Olympic swimmers would swim faster in a lake vs a pool. He has 5 Olympic swimmers first swim 400M in a lake, then has them swim the same distance in an indoor pool. He measures the time it takes them to swim in both. Trent is likely using this type of research design:
What is a within-subjects design
For Geo to compare Fort Collin's average weekly beer consumption to the national average of beer consumption, he would likely need to use this test statistic:
One-sample t-test
Claiming there was a significant difference when there actually was none ("false positive")
Type 1 error
Testing the same theory as the original study but with different conditions
What is Conceptual Replication
Darcy is examining the impacts of reading novels vs. comic books on people's levels of happiness. Scores of happiness would be considered this type of variable:
What is the dependent variable (DV)
This occurs when the impact of one independent variable (IV) on a dependent variable (DV) changes depending on the levels of another independent variable (IV)
What is an Interaction Effect
Irina is interested to see if people with green, blue, and brown eyes have different opinions about the economy. In order to compare these group's opinions, she would likely need to use this test statistic:
What is an independent-groups ANOVA
Claiming there was NOT a significant difference, when there actually was one ("false negative")
What is a Type 2 error
What are the 3 principles of the Belmont Report?
What are: 1) Respect for Persons, 2) Beneficence, and 3) Justice
What is direction and strength
The type of validity we are assessing when we pilot a survey
What is construct/content validity
A 4 x 5 x 8 factorial design has ___ IVs and ___ levels in the THIRD variable
What is 3 IVs and 8 levels in the 3rd IV
Peter is investigating the development of literacy skills in children. Peter selects two different groups of children: Group A (5-year-olds) and Group B (7-year-olds) and measured literacy skills in both cohorts at the beginning of the study. Then, Peter followed both groups over a period of time, measuring their literacy skills again a year later when participants in Group A are 6-years-old and those in Group B are 8-years-old. Peter’s study is using which developmental design?
What is a cohort-sequential design
A study demonstrated that a specific type of medication (e.g., SSRIs) reduce symptoms of depression. Researchers wants to rerun this original study by retesting how well SSRIs reduce depression, while also measuring how it impacts sleep quality and general cognitive functioning. This is likely an example of what type of replication study?
What is replication-plus-extension