Ecological and Movement
Provide one physical property and one affordance of a bag.
physical property - e.g. has two handles
affordance - e.g. can be carried, can be used to store things
Define auditory scene and auditory scene analysis.
Auditory scene: the array of all sound sources in the environment.
Auditory scene analysis: process by which sound sources in the auditory scene are separated into individual perceptions.
Define speech segmentation.
Knowing where a sentence starts and ends by listening.
Define optic flow.
It is the appearance of objects as the observer moves past them.
Explain what is auditory localization
Auditory localization is locating sound sources in auditory space.
Explain the role of vision in helping us keep our balance.
vision provides a frame of reference that helps the muscles constantly make adjustments to help maintain balance
Name the three coordinates of auditory localisation and state each of their corresponding location in space.
Azimuth coordinates: position left to right
Elevation coordinates: position up and down
Distance coordinates: position from observer
Explain the McGurk effect.
The McGurk effect is what we see can change what we hear. As an example, the auditory source comes out saying ba, but visually we are seeing ga, which results in us hearing da.
In wayfinding, landmarks is present. Describe landmarks and explain how it influences wayfinding in real life.
- Landmarks are prominent features or objects in the environment used as reference points for navigation.
-Landmarks provide visual cues for creating mental maps and decision-making.
-In real life situations, landmarks aid communication by serving as reference points for giving or receiving directions.
Explain what is the segmentation problem and what contributes to segmentation problem.
Segmentation problem is when there are no physical breaks in the continuous acoustic signal. It is affected by context, meaning, and our knowledge of word structure.
Define optic flow, gradient of flow, and focus of expansion
Optic flow: appearance of objects as the observer moves past them
Gradient of flow: difference in flow as a function of distance from the observer
Focus of expansion: point in distance where there is no flow
Explain the function of the what and where auditory pathways. Name the brain areas involved in the what and where auditory pathways.
What auditory pathway (ventral stream)
- extends from the anterior belt to the front of the temporal lobe and then to the frontal cortex
Where auditory pathway (dorsal stream)
- posterior belt to the parietal lobe and then to the frontal cortex
Explain Affordances and give 2 examples.
Affordances is the information that indicates how an object can be used. As an example, a bowl is hemisphere, curved, and has depth in it, which indicates that we can fill it up with food.
Analyze whether our senses work in isolation. Provide your justification and an example to support.
-The senses typically don’t work in isolation but rather interact with each other. (Sensory integration - Allows us to perceive and understand the world more effectively)
-For example, what we see can influence what we hear, and what we touch can affect what we taste.
List 3 performance areas that musical training can help improve in.
- greater emotional sensitivity
- Improved language skills
- Better performance in mathematics
Explain mirror neurons. Describe one mirror neuron experiment of your choice.
Mirror neurons are neurons that respond while a subject watches an action being performed in the same way as if the subject was performing the action.
Giacomo Rizzolatti and coworkers (1990) monkey experiment
Iacoboni and coworkers (2005) mirror neurons and intention
Explain interaural time difference and interaural level difference. Describe how these helps us to localise sounds.
Interaural time difference (ITD): difference between the times that sounds reach the two ear. When distance to each ear is different, observer knows sound is coming from the side.
Interaural level difference (ILD): difference in sound pressure level reaching the two ear. Head blocks some sound frequency from entering the ear, differences in intensity of high frequency sound for the each tells observer sound is coming from the sides.
Analyze the similarities and differences between speech and music perception.
Speech and music involve language as speech is communication while music has lyrics that involve the usage of it. Speech and music also involve emotions. For speech, you can tell by the tone and expressions of the speaker, and as for music you can perceive the emotion by knowing if it's in minor or major key.
The differences :
Structure
Involvement of pitch
Researchers study how sounds are localized in space by using coordinates, list down the 3 coordinates with definition and which do you think is mostly used?
Elevation coordinates: position up and down
Azimuth coordinates: position left to right
Distance coordinates: position from observer
In terms of usage, azimuth is often the most commonly studied and utilized coordinate in sound localization research. This is because humans are particularly adapt at localizing sounds in the horizontal plane due to factors such as interaural time and level differences.
Explain what different approaches that the cognitivist and emotivist have when it comes to creating emotions with music.
Cognitivist approach - They believe that listeners can perceive the emotional meaning of a piece of music, but they don’t actually feel the emotions.
Emotivist approach - They believe that a listener’s emotional response to music involves actually feeling the emotions.
Describe Lee and Aronson's swinging room experiment. Explain the results and implications of the experiment.
13- to 16-month-old children placed in “swinging room”
In the room, the floor was stationary, but the walls and ceiling swung backward and forward. The movement creates optic flow patterns.
Children swayed back and forth in response to the flow patterns created in the room. 26 percent swayed, 23 percent staggered, and 33 percent fell
Results show that vision has a powerful effect on balance, and even overrides other senses that provide feedback about body placement and posture.
Differentiate between simultaneous and sequential grouping. Name the different types of cues we rely on to help u analyse the auditory scene.
Simultaneous grouping: helps us to segregate sound into their original sources at that given moment when many sounds occur together. (based on location, onset synchrony, timbre and pitch, and harmonicity).
Sequential grouping: helps us to segregate sound into their original sources after hearing the group of sounds for a duration of time. (based on similarity of pitch, auditory continuity, and experience).
Explain binaural cues for sound localization.
Binaural cues: location cues based on the comparison of the signals are received by the left and right ears.
Interaural time difference (ITD)
Interaural level difference (ILD)
Explain the relationship between vision and speech by providing two psychological theories to support.
McGurk Effect: The McGurk effect is a example of how vision influences speech perception. In this phenomenon, when conflicting auditory and visual speech information is presented (e.g., hearing “ba” while seeing lip movements for “fa”), perception is often influenced by what is seen, leading to a perceptual fusion of the two conflicting inputs.
Audiovisual Speech Perception: When we see someone speaking, our brain integrates visual information from lip movements and facial expressions with auditory information from speech sounds. This integration helps improve speech perception by providing additional cues for understanding speech sounds in noisy environments or when speech is unclear.
Describe what is the traditional approach and action-based approach to perception (according to Gibson).
The purpose of the traditional approach to perception is to create a mental representation of something in the environment while the purpose of the action-based approach to perception is to guide actions in the environment, enabling survival.
Gibson believed that we should study how movement creates perceptual information that helps people move within the environment.