Evolution of Psychology
Circa 1900
Study of _______
Consciousness
Formed the school of structuralism, which attempted to determine what consciousness was by determining the basic elements of consciousness.
Edward Titchener (2nd)
Primarily clinical perspective that developed in the 1960s by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. According to this view, humans are basically good and strive to better themselves and society.
Humanistic psychology
What is the difference between Basic and Applied research?
Basic research is conducted for knowledge’s sake alone, Applied research is conducted to solve a real-world problem.
Can there be ethical issues with using humans as psychological research subjects?
Yes
Circa 1920
Study of ______
Behavior
This psychology was interested in perceptual experiences, particularly illusions. “Consciousness could be understood by breaking experiences down into basic parts”
Gestalt psychology (Wertheimer, Koehler, Koffka) (4th)
Developed by a number of individuals in the USA in the late 1950s. This psychology focused on thought, particularly human thought, and thinking processes such as memory, expertise, decision-making, language, and logical reasoning
Cognitive psychology
What are the two major methodologies in conducting psychological research?
Experimental studies (researcher controls and manipulates variables for cause and effect) and Descriptive studies (research describes the relationship between variables)
Individual’s right to privacy
Circa 1960
Study of ____ _____
Mental processes
1st psychological laboratory that published
Wilhelm Wundt (1st)
1980s-era. This type of psychology allowed a greater understanding of the living brain. This often includes evolutionary psychology as well, which focuses on natural selection, adaptation and evolution of behavior patterns.
Biological/Physiological psychology
Name the components of an experimental study
Independent variable, dependent variable, experimental condition, control condition, and random sample
This is addressed by the use of informed consent.
Preventing possible discomfort or harm to the participant during the course of the research
Circa 1980
Study of _____
Behavior and mental processes
Formed functionalism in 1900 in reaction to structuralism. Functionalism was interested in WHY people were conscious (influenced by Darwin).
William James (3rd)
1980s-era. Behavior is influenced by the cultural context, how is behavior interpreted by different cultures?
Cultural psychology
Naturalist observation, surveys & tests, case studies, Correlational design (correlation does not equal causation)
What clouds the issue of informed consent? This issue remains controversial today as the use of deception regarding the research is largely prohibited.
Think the Milgram experiment. People were told they were shocking individuals with increased voltage in the other room when they answered a question wrong. They did this because of the authority figure in the room.
White lies, sometimes are seen as unavoidable.
Psychology developed from a marriage between _____ and ______
Physiology and philosophy
Established psychoanalysis, one of the first people to point out the importance of childhood experiences and unconscious conflicts in terms of shaping our personalities and behaviors.
Sigmund Freud (5th)
Name a few specializations of Contemporary Psychology today.
Developmental, Social, Personality, Experimental, Clinical and Counseling, Educational, Industrial, Engineering, Health, Positive, Forensic, Artificial Intelligence and Connectionism.
What is confirmation bias?
Fill in this blank: p< ___
Confirmation bias is the tendency to seek out information which agrees with what one already believes to be true.
P< .05
Are there strict guidelines for using animals in psychological experiments?
Yes.