Mantis Shrimp
This behavioral tendency of Mantis Shrimp gives them a violent and aggressive reputation.
Punching their prey
Smith et al. found this distinction between trichromat and dichromat tamarins.
Fewer training trials and ability to find ripe fruit
Most birds have this type of chromatic vision.
Tetrachromatic
This is the Latin meaning behind ultraviolet.
Beyond light
This term describes the way in which organisms uniquely perceive and sense the environment.
Umwelt
Mantis Shrimp see these two types of light that most humans cannot see.
UV and polarized light
Fake leaves and fruits were used due to this potential sensory conflict.
Smell interference
This term describes colors such as purple that cannot be evoked by monochromatic light.
Nonspectral colors
This term describes when light scatters by water or air, or reflects off smooth surfaces.
Polarization
Jumping spiders have this unique aspect to their visual perception of motion.
The secondary eyes are highly sensitive to motion, if they are covered the spider cannot detect motion or track moving objects
Mantis Shrimp have this many classes of photoreceptors.
Twelve
Females are more likely to be tetrachromatic due to this biological feature.
The X chromosome
Stoddard et al. found these results about the discrimination of nonspectral colors in hummingbirds.
Hummingbirds can discriminate nonspectral colors from their "pure" components and can discriminate between two mixtures of nonspectral colors
Wavelengths of UV light range from ___ to ___ nanometers.
10 to 400 nanometers
In the Kelber et al. article, Hawkmoths had no issues distinguishing the target blue from ___ in trial 2. However, in trial 3 they had difficulty distinguishing the target blue from ___.
Grey; dark blue
This phrase describes the relationship between movement and color in Mantis Shrimps.
To see color, they must give up color. To see color they must give up movement
Ripe fruit locations were varied systematically to prevent this behavior.
Intuitively predicting location
Stoddard et al. conducted 19 experiments, 6 of which were ___ experiments and 13 of which were ___ experiments.
Validation (why did they need to validate the experiment?) and nonspectral
These are three categories of polarized light.
Linear, circular, and elliptical polarization
In the Hepper and Wells article, they found that dogs require the information of ___ footsteps in order to correctly determine direction.
Five
Mantis shrimp are the only known organisms to see this polarized light.
Circular polarized light
Dichromacy in Tamarins may be advantageous for this reason.
Breaking up the camouflage of predators or prey
The experiments support the notion that birds possess a tetrachromatic visual system that involves this function of cones.
Comparisons of adjacent and nonadjacent cone types
John Lubbock helped propel the discussion of UV vision through this experiment.
Lubbock's ant experiment (what was the experiment and what were his results?)
The realization that DMS (dimethyl sulfide) was released by plankton when eaten by krill, prompted this discovery about olfaction in the ocean.
DMS serves as a topographical map that shows birds where prey may be. (why is this?)