Research Foundations
_____ methods generate knowledge through systematic observation.
Scientific
In research, the word for “accuracy”
Validity
A testable prediction of what will happen in a study
Hypothesis
A relationship between two variables where, as one increases, the other decreases
Negative correlation
The defining feature of an experiment
Random assignment
An experiment where the DV is measured before and after the manipulation
Pretest–posttest design
According to Popper, science is distinguished from pseudoscience because scientific studies are designed to ___ hypotheses.
Disprove
In research, the word for “consistency”
Reliability
A statement that the hypothesis is not correct
Null hypothesis
True or false: If two variables are positively correlated, then that means that one causes the other
False
In experiments, the variable that is measured
Dependent variable
In posttest-only design, we cannot rule out the possibility that differences between groups are due to...
Baseline differences
What is it called when we pay more attention to information that aligns with our initial beliefs?
Confirmation bias
True or false: a measure can be reliable but not valid.
True
The most common p value cutoff
.05
In correlations, this is a variable that causes two other variables to be positively correlated
Third variable
In experiments, any variable besides the independent variable that could influence the dependent variable
Confounding variable
An experiment with 2 or more independent variables
Factorial
The type of research that aims to solve practical problems.
Applied research
In research, the accuracy of procedures within a study
Internal validity
In plain English, what does it mean if we fail to reject the null hypothesis?
The hypothesis was disconfirmed/"I was wrong"
The 3 factors needed to infer causation are covariance, temporal precedence, and…
Elimination of alternative explanations
The minimum number of groups that an experiment must have
2
In a factorial design, the overall effect of one factor
Main effect
The type of research that addresses close-ended questions.
Quantitative research
Another term for “external validity”
Generalizability
In hypothesis testing language, a “false negative”
Type II error
The research design that is used to test cause-effect relationships
Experiments
Name at least 2 effects that having a control group allows you to hold constant
Possible answers: placebo effect, maturation, history effects, regression to the mean, testing effects, practice effects, fatigue effects
In a factorial design, it’s when the effect of one factor influences the effect of the other
Interaction