Part 1
Explain a false dichotomy.
False dichotomy = believing a continuous variable actually has only two, opposite choices
Example?
Correlation shows __________, but not ___________.
Associations; causations
True or false:
If you have a headache and Aspirin makes it go away, your headache was likely due to an Aspirin deficiency.
AND - what error might you make here
False - this is the Intervention Causation Fallacy
What is the difference between confirmation bias and belief perseverance?
BP - actively rejecting new info; mental contortionism
When engaging in representativeness, we compare an item/event to a __________.
Group average; prototype
Construct is to ________ what event is to _______.
a) Observable; hypothetical
b) Factual; subjective
c) Hypothetical; observable
d) Objective; interpretable
c) Hypothetical; observable
Education increases opportunity. Likewise, opportunity increased education. The relationship between education and opportunity are:
a) causational
b) negatively correlated
c) non-existant
d) bidirectional
d) bidirectional
The Spectacular Explanation Fallacy disregards what?
Statistical probability
Deduction is to _________ as induction is to _______.
a) General; specific
b) town-down; bottom-up
c) event; construct
d) Logic; emotions
b) town-down; bottom-up
Note: BOTH use general and specific knowledge, so a is incorrect
Problem is to _________ as dilemma is to _______.
a) Logic; emotion
b) Solved; managed
c) Benefits; costs
b) Solved; managed
When we say to 'describe' is to 'prescribe' what we mean is...
Describe Multiple Pathways of Causation
Any effect may be the result of several causes operating together (i.e., depression may be in part biological and in part circumstantial)
True or false - feelings often align with fact
What error might we engage with here?
False - "If i feel it, it must be true" error shows that feelings do NOT equal facts!
Dr. Jubilan walks in the room, and suddenly I become very animated and engaging in my lecture. What phenomena have I engaged in?
Reactivity
I REFUSE to get my wisdom teeth taken out because everyone I know has had a terrible experience getting theirs out, and that is all I can think about. What error am I engaging in here?
Availability heuristic/bias
Today my horoscope read, "You love reverie" - which I do! Name and explain the fallacy I am engaging in here.
Barnum effect - believing a very general statement is personally geared towards me (everyone likes to daydream!)
In a linear multiple-causation relationship, we say C1+C2+C3 = E.
This says WHAT about each C's relationship w/ E?
C1 -> E
C2 -> E
C3 -> E
What is the difference between dispositional and situational attributes
Dispositional = personality, character
Situational = circumstances, context
The beliefs and attitudes we hold about other people can, in fact, influence their behavior (and ours!)
True or false - understanding a problem allows us to know how to solve it?
Name the relevant error
False - insight fallacy
Why is it incorrect to ask is an issue is 'physical or psychological'?
Because physical and psychological are not comparable constructs. Physical is an 'event," while psychological is a 'construct.' Additionally, they are not separate, they are just two levels of description, according to the Multiple Levels of Descriptions theory.
Give an example of parataxic reasoning and name the error we fall victim to when engaging in this type of thinking/
Anytime we see an illusory correlation between two things that are likely not related at all, but we perceive they are due to the Contiguity-Causation Error
We take intent very seriously, and often punish crimes differently depending on level of intent (mens rea). The issue is, we are prone to engaging in the Consequence-Intentionality Error, where we base intentions on the consequence of the action.
Give an example of when one might assimilate new info when they should probably accommodate it.
Use the word schema in your example.
Any example where we 'wedge' the new information into a previously established schema instead of making the appropriate adjustments based on that new info
Give an example of:
Ad hominem
Strawman
Ad populum
Ad hominem - attacking person
Strawman - setting up a weaker argument to tear down
Ad populum - appeal to majority