Psychological Research
participants are assigned to different experimental groups or “conditions” only on the basis of chance in this
what is random assignment?
the ability to store, retain, and retrieve information
what is learning?
an individual's passion to achieve a long term goal
what is grit?
mental shortcuts used to make decisions
what are heuristics?
the psychologist who studied attachment and created the "strange situation?"
who is mary ainsworth?
define what an independent variable and a dependent variable is
independent = the manipulated event/condition
dependent = the observed event/condition that is measured
this kind of learning is defined by experience-dependent enhancement of our ability to make sense of what we see
what is perceptual learning?
what is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
intrinsic = internal motivators (autonomy, mastery, purpose, etc.)
extrinsic = exterior motivators (compensation, punishment, reward, etc.)
the psychologist who created a theory that divides human intelligence into 8 independent ways to process information
who is gardner?
what is the order for prenatal development?
zygote -> embryo -> fetus
this type of study uses a sample of people that are assigned to different groups while controlling for other variables
what are cross-sectional studies?
this theory includes four parts : attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation
what is social learning theory?
name the three basic needs of the self-determination theory
competence, autonomy, relatedness
what is the difference between crystallized and fluid intelligence?
crystallized = ability to use acquired knowledge for problem solving
fluid = ability to develop techniques for solving problems
physical, cognitive, psychosocial
what is the difference between correlation and causation?
correlation = relationship between two or more variables
causation = a change in one variable causes a change in another
what is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?
classical = a neutral stimulus elicits and involuntary behavioral outcome
operant = reinforcement or punishment increases or decreases the probability that a behavior will occur again in the future
this is a cognitive bias in which people with limited competence in a particular domain overestimate their abilities
the dunning-kruger effect
the psychologist who proposed that the mechanisms underlying language acquisition are biologically determined
noam chomsky
when is attachment emerging in infants?
around 6-8 months
put the following steps of the scientific method in correct order : make a prediction based on the hypothesis, ask a question, report the results, form a hypothesis, analyze the results, make an observation, conduct an experiment
steps of the scientific method
1) make an observation
2) ask a question
3) form a hypothesis
4) make a prediction
5) conduct an experiment
6) analyze the results
7) report results
what is albert bandura's theory and what experiment did he conduct to showcase his theory?
social cognitive theory - people depend largely upon the imitation of action sequences by other people
bandura's experiment = bobo doll experiment
define what maslow's hierarchy of needs is and put the following tiers of maslow's hierarchy of needs in the correct order : esteem, safety, physiological, self-actualization, love/belonging
maslow's hierarchy of needs = driven to understand the achievements of which we are capable, but must satisfy needs that stand lower in the hierarchy
correct order : physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization
differentiate critical and sensitive learning while giving an example of where it is present
critical = begins and ends abruptly
sensitive = begins and ends gradually
what was erikson's theory? name 3 of the stages in his theory
erikson's theory = psychosocial stages of development