Chapter 1
a dynamic system of rules, shared attitudes, beliefs, values and transmission of these shared attitudes, beliefs, etc.
What is culture?
Cultural information grows in complexity and often in utility over time
What is the ratchet effect?
Causes that have direct and immediate relations with their effects
What is proximal effects?
Ethnographic, cross-cultural comparison, cross-cultural validation, and unpackaging studies
What are types of cultural research studies?
How we receive information
What is perception?
Facial Expressions
What are universal behaviors?
What is emulative learning?
Initial differences that lead to effects over long periods of time, often through indirect relations
What is distal causes?
A response bias that causes people to answer in a way that they believe will make them be viewed positively by others
What is socially desirable responding?
A focus on an object and its attributes
What is field independence?
Learning specific cultural practices through social learning or modeling is called this
What is transmitted culture?
People understand that others have mind that are different from their own and have different perspectives and intentions
What is the theory of mind?
The smallest units of cultural information that may be transmitted between people
What are memes?
This is one tendency that has been seen as one of the obstacles or challenges in conducting cross-cultural research.
What is reinforcing stereotypes of cultures?
The tendency to ignore situational information while focusing on dispositional information
What is fundamental attribution error?
When a given tool exists in multiple cultures, is used to solve the same problem in those cultures, yet is more accessible to people in some of those cultures than other cultures
What is functional universal?
When a five-year old boy tries to learn how to shoot a basketball from an older cousin by focusing on their cousin's goals and behavioral strategies
What is imitative learning?
It is believed that ideas serve as replicators and allow for the transmission of cultural information. One thing this transmission process involves is
What is copying errors leading to innovation?
This is the most conservative approach to researchers to take when faced with non-equivalent data as it would reduce or eliminate analysis errors and unfair comparisons.
What is to not make the comparison at all?
What is dependent?
This is true when we explore the relationship between culture and human behavior.
What is culture exists in each and every one of us individually as much as it exists socially?
This theory supports why humans evolved to have large brains
What is they tend to live in large social groups, which requires intelligence to function effectively?
This culture is more individualistic and have higher IQ scores now then they did 50 years ago
What is American culture?
Without this in cultural psychological research, comparisons across cultures lose all their meaning
What is Equivalence?
The book described a study between U.S. and Indian participants in regards to fundamental attribution error. Findings were...
What is Americans tend to make more dispositional attributions while Indians tend to make more situational attributions?