Sensation & Perception
1._________ detects information, and 2._________ organizes and interprets it.
What are 1. sensation & 2. perception?
A dog learns to salivate to a tone that repeatedly predicts food. This kind of learning is referred to as _________.
What is classical conditioning?
After receiving praise for submitting homework on time, a student starts submitting homework on time more often. This is an example of _________.
Positive reinforcement
These are the three basic processes of memory.
What are encoding, storage, and retrieval?
A stimulus or piece of information that helps bring a memory to mind.
What is a retrieval cue?
The process that converts energy (e.g., light or sound) into neural signals.
What is transduction?
After a tone has been paired with food, the tone alone produces salivation. In this scenario, the tone would be considered a _________.
What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?
A driver buckles a seatbelt to stop an annoying warning sound. This is an example of _________.
What is negative reinforcement?
_________ is the memory system that briefly holds and manipulates information while you solve a problem.
What is working memory?
Newly learning a phone number makes it harder to remember your old phone number. This is an example of _________.
What is retroactive interference?
1._________ are photoreceptors that work best when in the dark or dim light, while 2._________ are photoreceptors that help us see color and detail.
What are 1. rods & 2. cones?
A person became scared of all dogs after being bitten by one dog. This is an example of _________.
This partial reinforcement schedule is exampled by a reward being given after every fifth item is sold.
What is fixed-ratio?
The tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than the middle items.
What is the serial-positioning effect?
What are the primacy and recency effects?
After witnessing a minor car accident, a person hears someone describe the car as having been “speeding.” Later, the person remembers the car moving faster than they originally reported. This illustrates _________.
What is the misinformation effect?
_________ processing may help you recognize a partly obscured word if you know the sentence's context.
What is top-down?
A student feels anxious when entering a classroom where they previously received bad news about their grade. In this scenario, the classroom would be the 1._________, and feeling anxiety would be the 2._________.
What are 1. conditioned stimulus & 2. conditioned response?
A child learns a dance by watching a sibling, without receiving direct rewards for learning it. This is an example of _________.
What is observational learning?
A student cannot immediately remember a psychology term but recalls it after the instructor provides a related example. The example helps the student access the stored information. In this situation, the example functions as a _________.
What is a retrieval cue?
Two people can sincerely remember the same childhood event differently because memory is _________ and can be shaped by experiences, expectations, and information encountered later.
What is reconstructive?
You fail to notice someone in a costume while concentrating on counting basketball passes. _________ is the phenomenon that best explains this.
What is inattentional blindness?
A researcher pairs a neutral sound with an event that naturally produces fear. Later, the sound alone produces fear. Explain how the sound's role changed through learning. The stimulus changed from a 1._________ to a 2._________.
What are 1. neutral stimulus & 2. conditioned stimulus
In Bandura’s Bobo doll study, children who watched an adult behave aggressively toward a Bobo doll were more likely to imitate that behavior. This type of learning was demonstrated in the experiment.
What is observational learning?
1._________ is the name for lasting strengthening of connections between neurons and is associated with 2._________ and memory.
What are 1. long-term potentiation (LTP) & 2. learning?
A witness is very confident that they remember an accident correctly. However, their memory has been influenced by misleading information they heard afterward. This is an example of how 1._________ does not guarantee 2._________, which is especially important to remember during eyewitness testimonies.
What are 1. confidence & 2. accuracy?