Sensation & Perception
What is sensation? What is perception?
Sensation is the detection of physical energy by sense organs (e.g., touch) and perception is the brain's interpretation of raw sensory input
What is Maintenance rehearsal?
The repetition of numbers/words/phrases to have it stored in STM.
Name Piaget's developmental stages
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete-operational, formal-operational
What is the difference between a first and second language?
First: Language learned from birth; develops through home interactions and naturalistic observation of speakers.
Second: Language acquired later in life. (e.g., languages learned in school)
What is a "Just Noticeable Difference"?
The smallest change we can detect in stimulus strength.
Ex: adding three extra ice cubes to your drink
Provide an example of sensory adaptation
"nose blind" "fur blind"
How do Retrograde and Anterograde Amnesia differ?
Retro: inability to remember old memories
Antero:loss of ability to create new memories
State one critique of Piaget's Theory
Depicts children’s thinking as too consistent → 2 to 7 is a big difference
Underestimates abilities of children → task difficulties (conservation task)
Understates role of the social world
When do infants (generally) start saying their first words?
10-12 months
What is the Short-term Memory capacity? Give an example.
7 +/-
License plate
What is color blindness's scientific name? It occurs due to the result of what?
Occurs when one cone is missing, known as dichromatic vision
What is the lost-in-the-mall experiment and what was the outcome?
Told participants they had been lost in the mall as a child, later asked hem to recall the event
False Memories: formed memories of events that never occurred
What is object permanence?
Realizing an object continues to exist when out of sight.
Ex: the controller is still exists if a blanket covers it
Explain how "critical period" is associated to learning a second language?
There is no explicit cutoff for learning a second language. However, there is a drop-off after age 7 and 25.
When does language learning start?
Before birth, in the womb
What is top down processing? Draw an example on the board.
Processing is driven primarily by concepts, beliefs, or expectations.
"THE CAT"
What is the name of the mechanism that transfers info from LTM to STM?
Retrieval
What is needed to graduate out of the preoperational stage?
The "Conservation task" -- an operation is performed that changes only the appearance of the objects
- must realize nothing has changed
Give an example of a pragmatic
"no, yeah" "yeah, no"
What to children in the preoperational stage mainly focus on?
"centration" focusing only on the most obvious feature of an object/situation
What is Place Theory, which area of the ear is it housed, and how does it relate to hearing loss?
Place Theory is a specific place along the BM that matches a tone with a specific pitch (5K-20K Hz). As humans age, the ability to hear specific pitches decreases.
Although HM's explicit memory was no longer intact and could not recall doing the task, he got better as he worked on it. Stating his procedural memory was still intact.
Explain how a schemes and accommodation work together?
schemes are changed, created or expanded in response to a new object
from thinking that cats and dogs are the same to classifying them into "pets"
Who is Genie and how does her story relate to language?
Famous case of a neglected child who had missed the critical period for language. While she could build vocabulary and produce sounds, she never learned syntax or how to organically form coherent sentences. Relied on telegraphic speech.
What is statistical learning?
Children listen and recognize when specific sound combinations (phonemes) are connected more often than others.
"Th -- UH"
"The"