Vocab
Confidentiality, Privacy, Benefits, Deception & Informed Consent
What are the 5 ethics of scientific psychology?
First psychology lab (1879). Used introspection. Studied basic elements of the mind (“what is it made of?”).
Who is Wilhelm Wundt?
Explicit definitions of abstract variables
What is the Operational Definition?
If this is less than 0.05, it is significant
What is a P-value?
p < .05 = significant = reject H₀
By using specific observations, you form a general rule or conclusion.
Ex. I've only seen birds with feathers. Therefore birds have feathers
What is inductive reasoning?
Argued psychology should study observable behaviour, not the mind. Focused on learning through the environment. Famous for Little Albert (conditioning fear). Developed operant conditioning (reinforcement + punishment). Emphasized that behaviour is shaped by consequences. Behaviourism = “Behaviour is learned; environment determines actions.”
(Hint 2 People)
Who is BF Skinner and John Watson?
Equal chance of being placed in each group → reduces confounds
What is random assingment?
Researchers must protect participants data and keep identifying information private
What is Confidentiality?
The assumption that there is no relationship or effect.
What is the null hypothesis?
First American psychologist; wrote Principles of Psychology. Inspired by Darwin’s ideas. Asked how mental processes help us adapt to the environment. Focused on the purpose of consciousness rather than its structure. Functionalism = “What does the mind do and why?”
Who is William James?
One variable directly causes change in another
What is causation?
Two variables are related but doesn't tell you why
Corrleation
A scientific hypothesis must be testable and capable of being proven false with evidence. If no possible observation could show it's wrong, it isn't scientific.
What is falsifiability?
Human growth, potential, self-actualization. Positive view of people; client-centered therapy. Humanism.
(Hint 2 People)
Who are Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers?
How similar is the study to real-life situations?
What is ecological validity?
Allowed only when necessary and justified: participants must be debriefed afterward and told the true purpose
What is deception?
Example of ___
A pregnancy test says “Not pregnant”, but the person is actually pregnant.
→ The test missed the real effect.
What is a type 2 error?
Emphasized the unconscious mind, early childhood, and repressed desires. Unconscious conflicts, instincts, and trauma influence believed behaviour. Introduced concepts like:
Id, ego, superego
Psychosexual stages
Defense mechanisms
Used methods like dream analysis and free association.
Who is Sigmund Freud?
Parenting, culture, experiences and learning
What is nurture?
You observe that several students who nap before tests do better. You conclude, “Napping might improve test performance.”
What is inductive reasoning?