Motivation
The behavior of a crying baby can be explained by the ______ approach to motivation.
Instinct
What are some things that can make us happy?
Mastery; Being able to cause positive events, and be successful at them; Many minor pleasures (vs. one intense thrill); Extraversion, self-esteem, individualism correlate with happiness; Physical attractiveness & intelligence only weakly correlated; Acting happy, seeking work & leisure that are engaging; Close relationships, interdependence; Maintaining short-term & long-term goals; Healthy bodies, productive jobs, peace of mind, family & friends
What are teratogens? What are some examples?
Substances or environmental factors that can harm a developing fetus (growth problems, birth defects, miscarriage, etc)
Alcohol – FASD; Tobacco – low birth weight; Viruses like Zika; Bacteria/parasites (toxoplasmosis); Radiation; Pollution (e.g., lead, mercury, pesticides); Drugs (prescription/illegal); Accutane
Failure to resolve conflicts results in _________ (i.e., overindulgence, overly pampered, neglect)
fixations
Oral fixation - Can lead to excessive oral behaviors (e.g., smoking, overeating, talking)
Study of the relationship among psychological factors, the immune system, and the brain
Psychoneuroimmunology
Extrinsic motivation
Cognitive approach
What is schadenfreude?
a feeling of pleasure over another person’s difficulties
What causes Down Syndrome?
It is an intellectual disability that occurs when the zygote receives an extra chromosome at the time of conception
Eysenck found three major dimensions of traits. What are they? Explain them briefly :)
Extraversion: relates to the degree of sociability.
Neuroticism: encompasses emotional stability.
Psychoticism: refers to the degree to which reality is distorted.
If stress is prolonged or chronic, ability to cope with stressor is depleted, leads to ___________
Hint: Exhaustion
diseases of adaptation
Volunteering because it makes you happy is associated with _____ motivation and volunteering for a reference letter is associated with ____ motivation. These are a part of the ________ approach to motivation.
Intrinsic; extrinsic; cognitive
What is the purpose of the amygdala, with respect to emotions?
The amygdala links sensory input (like odors & facial expressions) to emotional and behavioral responses
Jasmine not great for driving vs. new car smell/coffee
A researcher surveys three age groups (10-year-olds, 20-year-olds, and 30-year-olds) on their smartphone usage habits to compare how they differ across ages. What research method are they using?
Cross-sectional research
Someone who recently lost their loved one simply refuses to accept that they're gone. What defense mechanism is this associated with?
Denial
What are the differences between internal conflicts, frustration and pressure?
Internal conflicts: experience 2 or more incompatible motivations, forced to choose
Frustration: when a valued goal is blocked/thwarted
Pressure: mismatch b/w what we have to do/want to do & resources
What is a challenge with the drive reduction approach to motivation?
They provide a good explanation of how primary drives motivate behavior. However, they cannot fully explain a behavior in which the goal is not to reduce a drive, but rather to maintain or even increase the level of excitement or arousal.
"Emotions are the labels we attach to our state of arousal" - What theory does this relate to?
Schacter & Singer’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
What is the approximate age group associated with the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage?
(Don't need numbers - just an approx.)
Early adulthood
A person who is really mad at their boss yells at their partner instead. What defense mechanism is this?
Displacement
What are some primary symptoms of PTSD?
re-experiencing in flashbacks or dreams, emotional numbing, sleep difficulties, interpersonal issues, substance use, suicide
What approaches to motivation can explain the following:
love of desserts; love of rollercoasters
love of desserts - incentive
love of rollercoasters - arousal
The belief that both physiological arousal and emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus is referred to as ________. Hint: it's a theory
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
A psychological study is examining how attitudes toward technology evolve by observing different generations (e.g., Baby Boomers, Millennials, and Gen Z) every five years over a 20-year span. What research methodology are they using?
Sequential
Explain the following terms:
archetypes; collective unconscious
Hint: Jung
Archetypes: universal symbolic representations of a particular person, object, or experience (such as good and evil).
Collective unconscious: a common set of ideas, feelings, images, and symbols that we inherit from our ancestors, the whole human race, and even animal ancestors from the distant past.
Jim (office reference) has been described as a very chill guy. On the other hand, Dwight is VERY competitive. What personality types would they classify as and what is their risk of Coronary Heart Disease?
Jim - Type B (Low risk)
Dwight - Type A (High risk)