Disorders
One of the "4 Ds" of mental disorders, this refers to real discomfort or anguish, either in the person directly or in others
What is distress?
An eclectic approach in which the therapist draws on different treatment approaches and uses those that seem most appropriate for the situation.
What is integrative therapy?
A form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which one has an automatic, inborn response.
What is classical conditioning?
According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, this type of intelligence involves judging, evaluating, or comparing and contrasting information.
What is analytic intelligence?
One of Freud’s provinces of the mind; the seat of impulse and desire.
What is the id?
A phenomenon in which the presence of others causes one to relax one’s standards and slack off.
What is social loafing?
Positive symptoms of this disorder include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior, while negative symptoms include blunted affect, alogia, and avolition.
What is schizophrenia?
An approach to treating psychological disorders that combines techniques for restructuring irrational thoughts with operant and classical conditioning techniques to shape desirable behaviors.
What is cognitive-behavioral therapy?
The presentation or addition of a stimulus after a behavior occurs that increases how often that behavior will occur.
What is positive reinforcement?
According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, this type of intelligence involves the ability to solve problems of everyday life efficiently.
What is practical intelligence?
Unconscious strategies the mind uses to protect itself from anxiety by denying and distorting reality in some way.
What are defense mechanisms?
Inferences made about the causes of other people’s behavior.
This disorder is characterized by shifts in mood between two states: depression and mania.
What is Bipolar Disorder?
A behavioral therapy technique, often used for phobias, in which the therapist pairs relaxation with gradual exposure to a phobic object, generating a hierarchy of increasing contact with the feared object.
What is systematic desensitization?
A pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which reinforcement follows a set number of responses.
What is a fixed-ratio (FR) schedule?
According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, this type of intelligence involves the ability to perceive and understand other people's intentions, emotions, motives, and behaviors.
What is interpersonal intelligence?
A theory of personality that includes the following five dimensions: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (OCEAN).
What is the Big Five (or five-factor model)?
The tendency to explain others’ behavior in dispositional rather than situational terms.
What is the fundamental attribution error?
This disorder is characterized by a fear of humiliation in the presence of others, including self-consciousness about appearance or behavior or both.
What is Social Anxiety Disorder?
A form of humanistic therapy in which the therapist shows unconditional positive regard for the patient.
What is client-centered therapy?
The imitation of behaviors performed by others according to Bandura.
What is modeling?
A genetically determined range within which a given trait, such as intelligence, may fall.
What is a reaction range?
Personality assessments in which the participant is presented with a vague stimulus or situation and asked to interpret it or tell a story about what he or she sees.
What are projective tests?
A biased attitude toward a group of people or an individual member of a group based on unfair generalizations about what members of that group are like.
What is prejudice?
A dramatic-emotional personality disorder characterized by out-of-control emotions, fear of being abandoned by others, and vacillation between idealizing and despising people who are close to the person with the disorder.
What is Borderline Personality Disorder?
Drugs used to treat schizophrenia; they help diminish hallucinations, confusion, agitation, and paranoia.
What are phenothiazines?
The removal of a stimulus to decrease behavior.
What is negative punishment?
The minimum score that one would have to get on an IQ test in order to be considered “gifted.”
What is 130?
Self-report instruments on which respondents indicate the extent to which they agree or disagree with a series of statements as they apply to their personality.
What are personality questionnaires?
The selfless concern for and giving of aid to others.