Chapter 5 Learning
This neutral stimulus became associated with food in Pavlov’s experiments and began to produce salivation on its own.
What is the bell (conditioned stimulus)?
Encoding, storage, and retrieval represent the three main stages of this mental function.
What is memory?
This rule-based, step-by-step procedure always guarantees a correct solution if applied properly.
What is an algorithm?
A study comparing 20-, 40-, and 60-year-olds at one time uses this type of developmental design.
What is a cross-sectional design?
In one of B. F. Skinner’s box experiments, a rat learned to press a lever to stop an electric shock, demonstrating this type of reinforcement that removes something unpleasant to increase behavior.
What is negative reinforcement?
Thorndike’s Law of Effect states that behaviors followed by these kinds of outcomes are more likely to recur.
What are positive or satisfying outcomes?
In Baddeley’s model, this “manager” integrates information and directs attention across tasks.
What is the central executive?
Judging an event’s likelihood by how easily examples come to mind illustrates this mental shortcut.
What is the availability heuristic?
Children in this stage can think logically about concrete objects but not about abstract concepts.
What is the concrete operational stage?
According to the Atkinson–Shiffrin model, this stage of memory briefly holds sensory information in its original form for only an instant before it fades away.
What is sensory memory?
A slot machine pays out after an unpredictable number of plays, demonstrating this schedule of reinforcement.
What is a variable ratio schedule?
According to the Levels of Processing Theory, stronger and longer-lasting memories result from this kind of processing.
What is deep or meaningful processing?
Howard Gardner proposed this number of distinct intelligences, ranging from verbal to naturalist abilities.
What is nine?
Harlow’s experiments with infant monkeys showed that this need was more important than food in forming attachment.
What is contact comfort?
People often struggle to see new uses for familiar objects because of this mental barrier that limits creative thinking.
What is functional fixedness?
In Bandura’s Bobo-doll study, children learned aggressive behavior by doing this.
What is observing and imitating a model?
Ebbinghaus discovered that information is lost rapidly at first and then levels off, forming this curve.
What is the forgetting curve?
This rule system governs the meanings of words and sentences in a language.
What is semantics?
During adolescence, Erikson said the central psychosocial task involves resolving this conflict.
What is identity vs. role confusion?
A child who thinks that a taller, thinner container holds more liquid than a shorter, wider one has not yet mastered this concept central to Piaget’s theory of conservation.
What is conservation?
Learning that occurs without immediate reinforcement and later appears when needed is called this.
What is latent learning?
When newly learned material disrupts recall of old information, this type of interference occurs.
What is retroactive interference?
According to Whorf’s hypothesis, the structure of a language shapes how its speakers think.
What is the linguistic relativity hypothesis?
Kohlberg’s highest level of moral reasoning bases judgments on personal ethics that may transcend laws.
What is postconventional morality?
This theory suggests that memory durability depends on how extensively information is analyzed rather than where it’s stored.
What is the Levels of Processing Theory?